Obesity is a significant health issue associated with increased cancer risks, including gynecological malignancies. The worldwide rise in obesity rates is significantly impacting both cancer development and treatment outcomes. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in metabolism, secreting various substances that can influence cancer formation. In obese individuals, dysfunctional adipose tissue can contribute to cancer development through inflammation, insulin resistance, hormonal changes, and abnormal cholesterol metabolism. Studies have shown a strong correlation between obesity and gynecological cancers, particularly endometrial and breast cancers. Obesity not only increases the risk of developing these cancers but is also associated with poorer outcomes. Additionally, obesity affects the perioperative management of gynecological cancers, requiring specialized care due to increased complications and resistance to therapy. Treatment strategies for managing metabolic dysregulation in patients with gynecological cancers include weight management, statin therapy, and insulin-sensitizing medications. Emerging studies suggest that interventions like intermittent fasting and caloric restriction may enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments. Furthermore, targeting cholesterol metabolism, such as with statins or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, shows potential in cancer therapy. In conclusion, addressing metabolic issues, particularly obesity, is crucial in preventing and treating gynecological malignancies. Personalized approaches focusing on weight management and metabolic reprogramming may improve outcomes in these patients.

Introduction. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by excess adiposity, persistent low-grade inflammation, and high frequency of musculoskeletal complications in both athletic and non-athletic populations. Body mass index and fat distribution, particularly visceral adiposity, are key determinants of metabolic and orthopaedic risk, including disorders of the knee tendons and ligaments. From adiposity to ligament pathology. In obesity, white adipose tissue undergoes phenotypic remodelling toward a pro-inflammatory state, marked by immune cell infiltration, increased secretion of cytokines and adipokines, and reduced adiponectin levels. These alternations promote lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition in skeletal muscle, ligaments, fat pads, and entheses, contributing to sarcopenic obesity, angiofibroblastic degeneration, and impaired ligament healing. Clinical implications. Elevated body mass index increases mechanical loading and alters lower-limb biomechanics, thereby promoting repetitive microtrauma, chronic inflammation, and higher incidence of tendinopathies, particularly of the extensor mechanism and pes anserinus. In individuals with body mass index above 25 kg/ m^{2} , published studies report a higher prevalence of multiligament knee injuries, a greater proportion of trauma-related anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, increased postoperative complications, and delayed functional recovery. However, heterogeneity in study design limits precise quantification of effect sizes. Conclusion. Excess adiposity likely increases anterior cruciate ligament injury risk through the combined effects of mechanical overload and obesity-related inflammation and is associated with more extensive ligament damage and a less favourable postoperative course. Integrated interventions targeting fat-mass reduction, metabolic optimisation, and neuromuscular conditioning may enhance recovery, reduce re-injury risk, and support long-term knee joint health. This conceptual framework is applicable across age groups in both recreational and competitive sports populations.

Background/Aim. Serum albumin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol molecules have multiple physiological functions, including an antioxidant role in neutralizing the harmful effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In obese individuals, albumin and HDL cholesterol molecules are unable to counteract the unfavorable effects of oxLDL cholesterol adequately. The aim of the study was to examine the functional relationships between oxLDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and serum albumin. Methods. The study included 30 obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (before and after a threemonth treatment with metformin), 30 obese individuals with normal glucose tolerance, and 30 normal-weight subjects (control group). The groups were age- and sex- matched. Results. Both qualitative and quantitative changes in the levels of HDL cholesterol and albumin were detected among the groups. Statistically significant changes were found in the linear correlations between albumin and oxLDL cholesterol among the study groups. Furthermore, by forming a synergistic influence of independent variables (HDL cholesterol and albumin), expressed through a complex polynomial of the dependent variable (oxLDL) of the quadratic type, statistically significant qualitative and quantitative changes in maximal oxLDL values were observed in all examined groups. Conclusion. The results of our study indicate a potential synergistic effect of albumin and HDL cholesterol in the prevention of oxidative damage, as well as a possible alteration in the quality of the ratio of these parameters in relation to oxLDL cholesterol molecules under conditions characterized by increased oxidative stress.

Background/Objectives: Knee joint position sense (KJPS) assessment lacks standardized testing protocols, and it remains unclear how commonly used non-weight-bearing protocols—standing, prone, and sitting—and target angle influence reproduction error. This study aimed to compare KJPS error across these three protocols and three target knee-flexion angles (30°, 45°, 60°) in non-athletic adolescent females. Methods: In this within-subjects study, 30 non-athletic female participants aged 15–18 years (16.47 ± 1.04) performed an active angle-reproduction task with the tested limb non-weight-bearing, recorded using a VICON motion analysis system. Absolute Error (AE) and Constant Error (CE) were calculated, together with the between-participant dispersion of CE (SD-CE). Results: AE showed a significant main effect of protocol (F = 4.33, p = 0.018, ηp² = 0.130), confirmed by permutation testing, but no significant angle effect or interaction. Sitting produced lower AE than prone testing (mean difference = 2.98°, Holm-adjusted p = 0.023). CE was significantly positive in all nine conditions, confirming a systematic tendency to overshoot the target angle. SD-CE was lowest in sitting, intermediate in standing, and highest in prone. Conclusions: Testing protocol influenced KJPS accuracy and between-participant dispersion, whereas no target-angle effect was detected within the tested protocol configurations. The sitting protocol emerged as a promising candidate for further reliability and standardization research in this population.

Introduction. Vitamin D regulates approximately 3% of the human genome, which helps explain its roles in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and immune systems, as well as in the development of malignant diseases and diabetes. Its deficiency may cause rickets in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Every 3 seconds, an osteoporotic fracture occurs, affecting 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 years. The study aimed to evaluate serum vitamin D concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis and to assess the association between vitamin D status and bone mineral density. Material and Methods. This retrospective study included medical records of 100 postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteopenia or osteoporosis by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were divided into three groups by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (< 50 nmol/L; 50-75 nmol/L; ≥ 75 nmol/L) and four age groups (≤ 49; 50-59; 60-69; ≥ 70 years). Results. The mean age of the participants was 67.14 years. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 50.28 nmol/L in women with osteoporosis and 54.98 nmol/L in women with osteopenia. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hip bone mineral density. Conclusion. Serum vitamin D concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis were below the desirable range. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D concentration and hip bone mineral density. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of fractures among women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Introduction. One of possible manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the appearance of a benign bone tumor. We hereby present a case of a young woman whose first clinical manifestation of PHPT was a brown tumor of the mandible. Case report. A female patient was hospitalized in the Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease due to the problems occurring in the form of nausea, exhaustion, feeling of suffocation, dysphagia, pain in the right ear and the right half of the cheeks, who was under suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Initial laboratory findings pointed out the high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Ca2+ ions, low levels of vitamin D and increased parameters of bone metabolism with signs of osteopenia. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed a presence of bilateral radiolucent lesions of the mandible. Scintigraphy showed a retrosternal hot focus consistent with parathyroid adenoma. Parathyroidectomy was performed with following normalization of PTH values, bone metabolism parameters, and normalization of the Ca2+ ion values. Four months after parathyroidectomy, there was a complete resolution of clinical and radiological findings of initial tumefaction of the mandible. Conclusion. Brown tumors are rare first clinical manifestation of PHPT. Because of their histological similarities with other giant-cell lesions (GCL), definitive diagnosis is sometimes difficult, and is based on correlation with radiological and laboratory findings. Due to spontaneous regression of bone lesions after treatment of the basic cause of PHPT, brown tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any giant-cell tumor lesions in order to avoid unnecessary surgical procedure.