Ten-Koh is a 23.5 kg, low-cost satellite developed to conduct space environment effects research in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Ten-Koh was developed primarily by students of the Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech) and launched on 29 October 2018 on-board HII-A rocket F40, as a piggyback payload of JAXA’s Greenhouse gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT-2). The satellite carries a double Langmuir probe, CMOS-based particle detectors and a Liulin spectrometer as main payloads. This paper reviews the design of the mission, specifies the exact hardware used, and outlines the implementation and operation phases of the project. This work is intended as a reference that other aspiring satellite developers may use to increase their chances of success. Such a reference is expected to be particularly useful to other university teams, which will likely face the same challenges as the Ten-Koh team at Kyutech. Various on-orbit failures of the satellite are also discussed here in order to help avoid them in future small spacecraft. Applicability of small satellites to conduct space-weather research is also illustrated on the Ten-Koh example, which carried out simultaneous measurements with JAXA’s ARASE satellite.

As the role of missions and experiments carried out in outer space becomes more and more essential in our understanding of many earthly problems, such as resource management, environmental problems, and disaster management, as well as space science questions, thanks to their lower cost and faster development process CubeSats can benefit humanity and therefore, young scientists and engineers have been motivated to research and develop new CubeSat missions. Not very long after their inception, CubeSats have evolved to become accepted platforms for scientific and commercial applications. The last couple of years showed that they are a feasible tool for conducting scientific experiments, not only in the Earth orbit but also in the interplanetary space. For many countries, a CubeSat mission could prompt the community and young teams around the world to build the national capacity to launch and operate national space missions. This paper presents an overview of the key scientific and engineering gateways opened up to the younger scientific community by the advent and adaptation of new technology into CubeSat missions. The role of cooperation and the opportunities for capacity-building and education are also explored. Thus, the present article also aims to provide useful recommendations to scientists, early-career researchers, engineers, students, and anyone who intends to explore the potential and opportunities offered by CubeSats and CubeSats-based missions.

Энэ ажлаар Монгол улсын анхны хиймэл дагуул "мазаалай”- Монгол Улсын Их Сургууль дээр байрлах газрын станцын бүтэц, хиймэл дагуулаас мэдээлэл татаж авсан үр дүн, газрын станцын одоогийн үйл ажиллагааны талаар өгүүлнэ. МУИС-ийн газрын станц нь 2017 онд BIRDS-1 хиймэл дагуулын төсөл болон мазаалай хиймэл дагуулын сансрын орчин дахь үйл ажиллагааг хянах, удирдах зорилгоор байгуулагдсан. Тус газрын станц нь маш өндөр давтамж (Very High Frequency-VHF) давтамжийн 144MHz-148MHz – ийн зурвас, хэт өндөр давтамжийн (Ultra High Frequency-UHF) 430MHz-438MHz–н зурвасуудад хиймэл дагуултай холбогдон ажиллаж байна. Мөн “Мазаалай” хиймэл дагуулаас гадна NOAA цаг уурын хиймэл дагуулаас мэдээлэл татаж авах, BIRDS-2, BIRDS-3 төслийн хиймэл дагуулууд зэрэг сонирхогчийн радио давтамжийн хиймэл дагуулуудаас мэдээлэл, дохио хүлээн авах, зураг авах команд илгээх зэрэг үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байна

As the global space sector enters the NewSpace era, developing countries such as Mongolia face significant challenges in developing functional space programs without the institutional legacy of established space powers. This study examines the gap between Mongolia’s long-term development strategy, “Vision 2050”, its sectoral policy guidance for space science and technology, and the absence of a comprehensive national space governance system. Using Qualitative Systems Analysis (QSA), the study compares governance arrangements across advanced, developing, and emerging spacefaring nations. The method enables comparative evaluation of institutional interactions, regulatory adaptability, and governance structures in national space systems where quantitative indicators remain limited or difficult to standardize. The findings indicate that direct replication of traditional “Old Space” institutional models often produces structural misalignment in latecomer states with limited financial and technological capacity. In response, the study proposes an Agile Governance Model (AGM) based on the Governance–Resilience–Agility (GRA) Triad. The model combines strategic coordination, adaptive regulation, and operational implementation through a flexible governance structure emphasizing phased legal development, public–private partnerships, and national capacity-building. The study further argues that latecomer nations can avoid rigid legacy institutions by adopting modular governance structures and targeted specialization in areas such as Earth observation, geospatial services, and ground infrastructure. By leveraging geographic advantages and human capital, Mongolia and other emerging space nations can strengthen digital sovereignty and improve institutional resilience. Adaptive governance approaches can also support their long-term participation in the global space economy.

Жил бүр сансарт гарч буй техникүүдийн даалгавар илүү олон үйлдэлтэй болж байгаатул тухайн даалгаврыг гүйцэтгэхэд хэрэглэгдэх энерги/чадал/ даган өсөж байна.Сансарт ажиллах хагас дамжуулагч төхөөрөмжүүдийн чадал нэмэгдсэнээр түүнийсансрын цацрагийн нөлөөгөөр эвдрэх магадлал даган ихэснэ. Иймд юуны түрүүндөндөр энергитэй бөөм ба хагас дамжуулагчийн харилцан үйлчлэлийг судлахшаардлагатай болсон. Их энергитэй бөөм бодисын харилцан үйлчлэлийн судалгаагтуршлагаар хийх боломж бага тул GEANT-4 Монте Карло арга дээр суурилан Хагасдамжуулагч материалын сансрын өндөр эрчимтэй протоны энергийг шингээхмагадлалыг 1000 мкм зузаантай цэвэр цахиур дээр 100 МеВ болон 200 МеВ энергитэйпротоны урсгал шингэх магадлалыг тооцоолж өмнө судалгаатай харьцуулан судалсан.

Modern astronomy is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field closely connected to physics, mathematics, engineering, chemistry, biology, and space science. This dynamic integration has increasingly attracted the attention of both the scientific community and the general public. In Mongolia, the establishment of the Astropark in 2014 under the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, initiated by national hero and cosmonaut J. Gurragchaa, marked a significant step toward promoting public awareness of astronomy and space science, as well as introducing current scientific achievements and future directions. In the era of expanding scientific and technological demands, the need for innovative methods of science communication is becoming more pronounced. High-tech astronomical planetariums, for example, serve as multifaceted educational platforms that not only support astronomy education but also contribute to the development of integrated STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning environments, fostering broader interest and engagement in these fields. This study aims to evaluate the quality and accessibility of astronomy content in Mongolia’s general education curriculum. It represents the first systematic assessment of astronomy education in the country and seeks to contribute to evidence-based educational policy reform. Content analysis was employed to examine the number, scope, and depth of astronomy-related topics included in the national curriculum.