The popular medicinal plant Prunella vulgaris L., (Lamiaceae) is a perennial and an edible herbaceous plant which is widely distributed in the temperate zone and tropical mountains of Europe and Asia. Due to its medicinal and industrial importance, the demand for P. vulgaris has increased steadily in recent years. In the present study, the volatile compounds of the P. vulgaris were accumulated by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique, and, analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chemical composition of the methanolic extract (ME) and infusion (INF) of P. vulgaris were determined. Aerial parts of P. vulgaris INF of the major compounds were found hexanal (23.1%), ionol (10.7%), (Z)-3-hexenal (3.2%) and 3,5-octadien-2-one. The ME of P. vulgaris were characterized with α-fenchone (11.1%), hexanal (8.2%), 3,5-octadien-2-one (4.7%), methyl benzoate (4.5%) and selina-4,11-diene (3.1%). It was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of P. vulgaris extracts (ME, INF) in in vitro conditions against different kinds of microorganisms. The INF showed weak antimicrobial activity Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) against all tested microorganisms whereas ME showed weak antimicrobial effects E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. pyogenes (20 mg / mL) and C. albicans (15 mg / mL).

In this present study, it was aimed to determine the composition of the essential oil obtained by water distillation from the aerial parts of Origanum acutidens. The oil was analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Carvacrol (69.3%), p-cymene (8.3%), y-terpinene (6.3%), β-caryophyllene (2.7%) and borneol (2.2%) were found as main constituents. In addition, headspace-solid phase microextraction using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB – 65 μm) fiber of O. acutidens was performed and analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The main components were identified as: carvacrol (44.0%), p-cymene (25%), ϒ-terpinene (8%), β-caryophyllene (6.1%) and borneol (6.1%), respectively.

Objective: Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. an endemic species for Türkiye, belongs to the Rutaceae family. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of n-hexane and methanol extracts of the aerial parts were examined. Material and Method: The total phenolic content of the extracts was examined by a spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The DPPH free radical scavenging and ABTS test were applied to determine the antioxidant effect. The antibacterial effects of H. myrtifolium extracts were assayed against Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B478 and Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 51299 by the broth microdilution method. Result and Discussion: The total phenolic content was found to be 44.69±0.021 mg GAE/g for the methanol extract. The methanol extract of H. myrtifolium exhibited higher antioxidant activity (IC50 0.120±0.0008 mg/ml) compared to the n-hexane extract (IC50 0.256±0.015 mg/ml). ABTS test results, the data closest to the TEAC standard was seen in methanol extract (1.783±0.0062 mM). The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the H. myrtifolium methanol extracts varied between 0.125-2 mg/ml and the n-hexane extracts showed antimicrobial activity with the 3 mg/ml concentration.

The genus Salvia L. represents one of the most pharmacologically significant groups within the Lamiaceae family. This study investigates the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of six Salvia species native to Türkiye (S. dorystaechas B.T.Drew, S. sclarea L., S. glutinosa L., S. tomentosa Mill., S. argentea L., and S. aethiopis L.) to scientifically validate their extensive use in Turkish traditional medicine. Phytochemical characterization was performed using Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), while biological potential was evaluated through antioxidant (DPPH), antimicrobial (MIC), and cytotoxicity (MTT on NIH/3T3 cells) assays. Among the taxa, S. dorystaechas exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 0.090 mg/mL (infusion) and 0.072 mg/mL (ethanolic), which strongly correlated with high total phenolic contents (111.50 and 125.55 mg GAE/g, respectively). This species may also serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Antimicrobial screenings against pathogenic bacteria and Candida spp. demonstrated modest inhibitory effects, with MIC values ranging from 625 to >5000 µg/mL. Safety profiling indicated that the ethanolic extract of S. tomentosa showed the lowest cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 562.37 ± 49.50 µg/mL) among the tested samples, which nonetheless indicates a relatively narrow therapeutic window. LC-HRMS profiling revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic diterpenes, such as carnosol and rosmanol, providing a chemical rationale for the observed moderate activities. Consequently, rather than direct systemic pharmacological agents, these findings suggest that the studied Salvia species could serve as preliminary botanical sources for the isolation of specific secondary metabolites or for restricted topical applications.