Objective: Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. an endemic species for Türkiye, belongs to the Rutaceae family. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of n-hexane and methanol extracts of the aerial parts were examined. Material and Method: The total phenolic content of the extracts was examined by a spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The DPPH free radical scavenging and ABTS test were applied to determine the antioxidant effect. The antibacterial effects of H. myrtifolium extracts were assayed against Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B478 and Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 51299 by the broth microdilution method. Result and Discussion: The total phenolic content was found to be 44.69±0.021 mg GAE/g for the methanol extract. The methanol extract of H. myrtifolium exhibited higher antioxidant activity (IC50 0.120±0.0008 mg/ml) compared to the n-hexane extract (IC50 0.256±0.015 mg/ml). ABTS test results, the data closest to the TEAC standard was seen in methanol extract (1.783±0.0062 mM). The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the H. myrtifolium methanol extracts varied between 0.125-2 mg/ml and the n-hexane extracts showed antimicrobial activity with the 3 mg/ml concentration.

The genus Salvia L. represents one of the most pharmacologically significant groups within the Lamiaceae family. This study investigates the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of six Salvia species native to Türkiye (S. dorystaechas B.T.Drew, S. sclarea L., S. glutinosa L., S. tomentosa Mill., S. argentea L., and S. aethiopis L.) to scientifically validate their extensive use in Turkish traditional medicine. Phytochemical characterization was performed using Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), while biological potential was evaluated through antioxidant (DPPH), antimicrobial (MIC), and cytotoxicity (MTT on NIH/3T3 cells) assays. Among the taxa, S. dorystaechas exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 0.090 mg/mL (infusion) and 0.072 mg/mL (ethanolic), which strongly correlated with high total phenolic contents (111.50 and 125.55 mg GAE/g, respectively). This species may also serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Antimicrobial screenings against pathogenic bacteria and Candida spp. demonstrated modest inhibitory effects, with MIC values ranging from 625 to >5000 µg/mL. Safety profiling indicated that the ethanolic extract of S. tomentosa showed the lowest cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 562.37 ± 49.50 µg/mL) among the tested samples, which nonetheless indicates a relatively narrow therapeutic window. LC-HRMS profiling revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic diterpenes, such as carnosol and rosmanol, providing a chemical rationale for the observed moderate activities. Consequently, rather than direct systemic pharmacological agents, these findings suggest that the studied Salvia species could serve as preliminary botanical sources for the isolation of specific secondary metabolites or for restricted topical applications.

Allium aralii Balos, Köse & Sonay sp. nov. (Amaryllidaceae, sect. Codonoprasum) is described as a new species from southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye. The species is morphologically distinguished from its closest relatives—A. euphraticum, A. turcicum subsp. turcicum, A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum, and A. yilandaghense—by a unique combination of characters: blackish outer bulb tunics, semi-cylindrical solid leaves exceeding the inflorescence, an extremely long persistent two-valved spathe (4.5–28.0 cm), a lax hemispherical inflorescence (3–4 cm diam., 10–70 flowers), a goblet-shaped perigon with dentate inner tepals, exserted bicolored stamens (white at base and apex, purple in the middle), a reticulate-foveate ovary, and verrucate seed ornamentation with undulate anticlinal walls. Seed micromorphology examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further supports species delimitation. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS and chloroplast matK sequences place A. aralii within a well-supported clade containing A. turcicum and allied species, corresponding to the eastern Mediterranean lineage of sect. Codonoprasum. ITS genetic distances between A. aralii and its morphologically closest relatives range 0.0632, falling within the typical interspecific range for Allium. The species is known from a single locality in Bozova district (Şanlıurfa) with fewer than 100 mature individuals and is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN criteria. This discovery highlights southeastern Anatolia as an underexplored center of Allium diversification and underscores the importance of integrative taxonomy for species delimitation within this taxonomically complex group.

The Lamiaceae family has many taxonomically and economically important plant species. The species in this family exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to these effects, it is used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Salvia tchihatcheffii Boiss, an endemic species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, was collected from Eskişehir. In morphological studies, herbarium specimens were examined under a stereo microscope. Stem, and leaf were examined within the scope of anatomical studies. Molecular studies aimed to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the plant. The antioxidant properties were determined by the DPPH• free radical scavenging and ABTS•+test, and the total phenolic content was calculated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Broth dilution method. Essential oil was obtained from the flowering aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and was analyzed using GC-GC/MS. The morphological and anatomical findings obtained are compared with the characteristics listed in The Flora of Turkey. According to molecular analysis results, S. tchihatcheffii and S. cedronella were determined to be closely related. As a result of essential oil analysis, the main component was identified as camphor with 23.3%. The antimicrobial activities of extracts prepared from the aerial parts with hexane, chloroform, and ethanol were found to be at low levels compared to standard reference drugs. No antibacterial activity was observed at any concentration of the extracts against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The hexane extract exhibited the highest total phenol content and DPPH• radical scavenging activity.