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The present study attempts to examine the research gap in terms of comparing the environmental impact of trolleybuses and diesel buses in the conditions of a country with an unfavourable energy mix. The analysed example concerns the trolleybus transport system in Gdynia, in northern Poland, which also partially serves the neighbouring city of Sopot. In the last few years, two bus lines have been electrified with trolleybuses in the In-Motion-Charging technology, which enables operation on sections without an overhead network. Using the actual operational data, a comparative analysis of the emissivity of diesel buses and trolleybuses used on the same lines in an identical operating regime was conducted. Moreover, an attempt was made to estimate the damage costs of the emission of air pollutants for the above-mentioned means of transport. Research has shown that trolleybuses significantly help to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, while increasing sulphur dioxide emissions on the served lines. They also generate lower specific emissions of carbon dioxide compared to diesel buses. However, taking into account the differences in the number of seats in these vehicles, the length of routes resulting from a need to provide access to the necessary infrastructure and the total amount of kilometres covered on a given route, they may cause higher emissions per year and per the product life cycle than diesel buses. This is related to the unfavourable structure of energy production in Poland, which is dominated by coal sources. The research results clearly show that the use of trolleybuses in public transport contributes to a reduction of the damage costs of the emission of pollutants that amount to approximately EUR (€) 30,000–60,000 per year for the analysed lines.
Marcin Połom; Paweł Wiśniewski. Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8379 .
AMA StyleMarcin Połom, Paweł Wiśniewski. Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Połom; Paweł Wiśniewski. 2021. "Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8379.
Public transport has undergone major changes in recent years. In particular, they relate to the issue of environmental impact. Due to the significant emission of pollutants from the economy, in particular from the transport segment, member states of the European Union have taken measures to limit its scope. Only low-emission and zero-emission vehicles are to be used in transport, and mainly those that are powered by electricity in public transport. The development of battery technologies has led to a revolution in the range and operational capabilities of electric buses in the last decade. They have become a seemingly easy alternative to traditional electric vehicles in public transport—trams and trolleybuses. This article presents the possibilities and limitations of the development of public transport in Poland based on electric buses. An attempt was made to review the literature and compare the possibility of the functioning of buses, trams and trolleybuses in the Polish socio-economic, environmental and technological conditions. The article was based on a literature query, an analysis of unpublished materials, and a qualitative analysis of national programs endorsing the idea of electromobility as well as an online survey on the perception of electric public transport. The main goal of the article was to identify and evaluate the possibilities of developing public transport in Poland with the use of electric buses. The main results of the work include the demonstration that the optics of the national and regional authorities in Poland are focused mainly on electric buses without a thorough analysis of the legitimacy of their operation, especially in small towns. The incentive in the form of subsidizing the purchase of an electric bus is sufficient for them, and the future effects of using electric buses are not investigated.
Marcin Połom; Paweł Wiśniewski. Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4009 .
AMA StyleMarcin Połom, Paweł Wiśniewski. Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):4009.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Połom; Paweł Wiśniewski. 2021. "Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4009.
Soil erosion is one of the major processes degrading the natural environment but also agricultural production areas. Soil erosion may lead to soil organic carbon (SOC) loss, especially from sloping agricultural terrain units. The use of phytomelioration in environmental management, particularly long-term, permanent forest vegetation, is widely recognized as a possible measure for soil erosion protection and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. The aim of this study was to compare of the topsoil organic carbon stocks on the slopes under soil-protecting forests in relation to the adjacent agricultural slopes. The research was conducted in the young glacial landscape of North-Central Poland. The study indicated the significant role of forest management on the increase of soil organic matter content and SOC stock. The results show that land use and slope gradients are important factors controlling soil organic carbon pools in topsoil in young glacial areas. This topic is extremely important particularly as the effects of climate change become more and more visible, and society faces new challenges in preventing these changes.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Michael Märker. Comparison of Topsoil Organic Carbon Stocks on Slopes under Soil-Protecting Forests in Relation to the Adjacent Agricultural Slopes. Forests 2021, 12, 390 .
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Michael Märker. Comparison of Topsoil Organic Carbon Stocks on Slopes under Soil-Protecting Forests in Relation to the Adjacent Agricultural Slopes. Forests. 2021; 12 (4):390.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Michael Märker. 2021. "Comparison of Topsoil Organic Carbon Stocks on Slopes under Soil-Protecting Forests in Relation to the Adjacent Agricultural Slopes." Forests 12, no. 4: 390.
Due to the significant share in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sensitivity to climate change, agriculture and rural areas should be an important area of activity in the local development of a low carbon economy. However, this is rarely the case in Poland and other European countries. The paper evaluates the role and importance of rural resources (including forestry) for the local development of a low carbon economy. Based on a SWOT analysis the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats in the two key elements such as maintenance or increase of the ability to absorb CO2 and reduction of GHG emissions from agricultural and forest lands are shown. Specific attention was paid to the potential of agriculture and rural areas in terms of the possible use of their resources in order to increase the C sequestration in biomass and soil and reduce GHG emissions, as well as the use of agricultural, agroforestry and agro-food processing with biomass for renewable energy development, including the production of biogas and biofuels. The information obtained from the SWOT analysis shows that this potential is based on considerable resources of agricultural and forest land in Poland. The goal of local governments and agricultural producers should be to identify and eliminate identified weaknesses and potential risks while implementing the relevant principles of a low carbon economy and low carbon development directions of rural areas.
Paweł Wiśniewski. Rural Resources (including Forestry) in the Local Development of Low Carbon Economy: A Case Study of Poland. A Nexus Approach for Sustainable Development 2020, 147 -164.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski. Rural Resources (including Forestry) in the Local Development of Low Carbon Economy: A Case Study of Poland. A Nexus Approach for Sustainable Development. 2020; ():147-164.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski. 2020. "Rural Resources (including Forestry) in the Local Development of Low Carbon Economy: A Case Study of Poland." A Nexus Approach for Sustainable Development , no. : 147-164.
An important element in the local shaping of a low-carbon economy, as well as one of the key areas of activity in communal plans for its development should be rural areas and their related agricultural activities. This is due on the one hand to the significant share of agriculture in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Poland (on average about 8%, locally as much as 20-50%), and on the other hand to the high potential of rural areas to use their resources to increase carbon sequestration in biomass and soil, reduce GHG emissions, as well as use agricultural activity for the development of renewable energy. The paper, based on the results of mathematical modelling of GHG emission from agricultural sources in all Polish communes, attempts to regionalize the needs of integrating agriculture and rural areas into the development of low-carbon economy at the local level. For this purpose, the guiding factors for regionalisation of the needs for mitigation actions were determined, and a regionalisation of these needs as well as a typology of the distinguished regions were, consequently, developed. The regions with the most urgent needs for mitigation actions were indicated, as well as the directions of mitigation actions for particular types of regions.
Mariusz Kistowski; Paweł Wiśniewski. Regionalisation of needs to reduce GHG emission from agriculture in Poland. Geographia Polonica 2020, 93, 363 -378.
AMA StyleMariusz Kistowski, Paweł Wiśniewski. Regionalisation of needs to reduce GHG emission from agriculture in Poland. Geographia Polonica. 2020; 93 (3):363-378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariusz Kistowski; Paweł Wiśniewski. 2020. "Regionalisation of needs to reduce GHG emission from agriculture in Poland." Geographia Polonica 93, no. 3: 363-378.
A reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as an increase in the share of renewable energy are the main objectives of EU energy policy. In Poland, biofuels play an important role in the structure of obtaining energy from renewable sources. In the case of biofuels obtained from agricultural raw materials, one of the significant components of emissions generated in their full life cycle is emissions from the cultivation stage. The aim of the study is to estimate and recognize the structure of GHG emission from biomass production in selected farms in Poland. For this purpose, the methodology that was recommended by the Polish certification system of sustainable biofuels and bioliquids production, as approved by the European Commission, was used. The calculated emission values vary between 41.5 kg CO2eq/t and 147.2 kg CO2eq/t dry matter. The highest average emissions were obtained for wheat (103.6 kg CO2eq/t), followed by maize (100.5 kg CO2eq/t), triticale (95.4 kg CO2eq/t), and rye (72.5 kg CO2eq/t). The greatest impact on the total GHG emissions from biomass production is caused by field emissions of nitrous oxide and emissions from the production and transport of fertilizers and agrochemicals. Emissions that were generated at the stage of production, storage, and transport of seeds and during the use of fuels in agricultural and forestry machinery have a significantly smaller share in the total GHG emissions from biomass production.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cultivation of Plants Used for Biofuel Production in Poland. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 394 .
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cultivation of Plants Used for Biofuel Production in Poland. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (4):394.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2020. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cultivation of Plants Used for Biofuel Production in Poland." Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 394.
Paweł Wiśniewski. Assessment of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at local level in Poland. International Agrophysics 2019, 33, 303 -311.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski. Assessment of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at local level in Poland. International Agrophysics. 2019; 33 (3):303-311.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski. 2019. "Assessment of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at local level in Poland." International Agrophysics 33, no. 3: 303-311.
The use of phytomelioration in environmental management, particularly in case of long-term, permanent forest vegetation, is one of the most natural and effective ways to mitigate the effects of soil erosion. Forests in general have a very effective protective function. The paper identifies differences in the basic soil properties along slope surfaces, in relation to the land use. Moreover, the role of soil-protecting forests in reducing the intensity and effects of soil erosion processes was assessed. The research was conducted in the young glacial landscape of north-central Poland. Analysis of soil catenas along the slopes and of material collected from the soil pits revealed that the forests highly protect against the degradation of soil cover, especially, in limiting, among others, loss of humus and the reduction of upper soil horizons. On the slopes under forests, clear changes in particle size distribution in relation to the adjacent slopes used for agricultural purposes were observed.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Michael Märker. The role of soil-protecting forests in reducing soil erosion in young glacial landscapes of Northern-Central Poland. Geoderma 2018, 337, 1227 -1235.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Michael Märker. The role of soil-protecting forests in reducing soil erosion in young glacial landscapes of Northern-Central Poland. Geoderma. 2018; 337 ():1227-1235.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Michael Märker. 2018. "The role of soil-protecting forests in reducing soil erosion in young glacial landscapes of Northern-Central Poland." Geoderma 337, no. : 1227-1235.
The paper presents the concept of an ecological corridor system developed for spatial planning based on the case of the Pomerania Province. More attention was paid to the corridors along watercourses and river valleys. The study included e.g. spatial relationships between the proposed network of regional eco-corridors and the national network as well as areas of protected nature areas, including Natura 2000 sites. The main threats to the valley corridors in the area were identified. Depending on the level of impact and the geographical range, three different land corridors were distinguished: supraregional, regional and subregional. Due to the landscape and nature diversity, spatial distribution of physico-geographical units, terrain and river valleys, almost all communes and districts of the Pomerania Province have appropriate conditions to perform the functions of ecological corridors of various ranks. In some communes, they account for more than 50% of the total area and 28% of the province’s area, and a significant part of them are valley ecosystems. The aim of the paper is to document the role of river valleys in shaping the conditions of spatial connectivity of ecosystems and to indicate their significance for spatial planning processes.
Jarosław Tomasz Czochański; Paweł Wiśniewski. River valleys as ecological corridors – structure, function and importance in the conservation of natural resources. Ecological Questions 2018, 29, 77 -87.
AMA StyleJarosław Tomasz Czochański, Paweł Wiśniewski. River valleys as ecological corridors – structure, function and importance in the conservation of natural resources. Ecological Questions. 2018; 29 (1):77-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarosław Tomasz Czochański; Paweł Wiśniewski. 2018. "River valleys as ecological corridors – structure, function and importance in the conservation of natural resources." Ecological Questions 29, no. 1: 77-87.
Agriculture is often not included in the baseline greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories created for local low carbon economy plans in Poland and other European countries. We therefore estimate the size of the carbon footprint from agricultural sources and indicate the share of agriculture in the total GHG emissions in selected Polish communes (LAU level 2). We propose a solution whereby local government units can estimate their carbon footprint independently and monitor the impact of actions taken to reduce emissions. The value of the carbon footprint from agriculture in the selected communes varies from .5 to 46.5 thousand Mg CO2eq/year, with a mean value of 12.6 thousand Mg CO2eq/year and a standard deviation of 11.4 thousand Mg CO2eq/year. Per capita, these values range from 10 kg CO2eq/year to 8.4 Mg CO2eq/year, with a mean of 1.1 Mg CO2eq/year and a standard deviation of 1.5 Mg CO2eq/year. In all communes, the contribution of agriculture to total emissions is at an average of 14% (values range from .2 to 57.4%). The obtained results confirm the appropriateness of including emissions from the agricultural sector and other related sources in low carbon economy plans.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in order to plan for needs of low carbon economy at local level in Poland. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 2018, 118, 123 -136.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in order to plan for needs of low carbon economy at local level in Poland. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. 2018; 118 (2):123-136.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2018. "Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in order to plan for needs of low carbon economy at local level in Poland." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 118, no. 2: 123-136.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. Znaczenie problematyki obszarów wiejskich oraz rolnictwa w celach i kierunkach rozwoju gospodarki niskoemisyjnej na poziomie gminnym = Importance of issues regarding rural areas and agricultural activities in the objectives and directions of low carbon economy development at communal level. Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 2018, 50, 49 -64.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. Znaczenie problematyki obszarów wiejskich oraz rolnictwa w celach i kierunkach rozwoju gospodarki niskoemisyjnej na poziomie gminnym = Importance of issues regarding rural areas and agricultural activities in the objectives and directions of low carbon economy development at communal level. Studia Obszarów Wiejskich. 2018; 50 ():49-64.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2018. "Znaczenie problematyki obszarów wiejskich oraz rolnictwa w celach i kierunkach rozwoju gospodarki niskoemisyjnej na poziomie gminnym = Importance of issues regarding rural areas and agricultural activities in the objectives and directions of low carbon economy development at communal level." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 50, no. : 49-64.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland. Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 2017, 13, 39 -49.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland. Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series. 2017; 13 (1):39-49.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2017. "The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 13, no. 1: 39-49.
Paweł Wiśniewski. Zasoby obszarów wiejskich w lokalnym rozwoju gospodarki niskowęglowej. Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 2017, 45, 7 -20.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski. Zasoby obszarów wiejskich w lokalnym rozwoju gospodarki niskowęglowej. Studia Obszarów Wiejskich. 2017; 45 ():7-20.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski. 2017. "Zasoby obszarów wiejskich w lokalnym rozwoju gospodarki niskowęglowej." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 45, no. : 7-20.
Paweł Wiśniewski. CARBON FOOTPRINT IN LOCAL PLANNING OF LOW CARBON ECONOMY IN RURAL AREAS. Inżynieria Ekologiczna 2017, 18, 58 -64.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski. CARBON FOOTPRINT IN LOCAL PLANNING OF LOW CARBON ECONOMY IN RURAL AREAS. Inżynieria Ekologiczna. 2017; 18 (1):58-64.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski. 2017. "CARBON FOOTPRINT IN LOCAL PLANNING OF LOW CARBON ECONOMY IN RURAL AREAS." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 18, no. 1: 58-64.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. LOCAL LOW CARBON ECONOMY PLANS IN THE CONTEXT OF LOW CARBON RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2016, 17, 112 -119.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. LOCAL LOW CARBON ECONOMY PLANS IN THE CONTEXT OF LOW CARBON RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2016; 17 (4):112-119.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2016. "LOCAL LOW CARBON ECONOMY PLANS IN THE CONTEXT OF LOW CARBON RURAL DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Ecological Engineering 17, no. 4: 112-119.
The paper presents the state and importance of soil-protecting forests in the areas managed by the RDSF in Toruń, as well as changes in their structure over 29 years. The management of the RDSF in Toruń is characterized by a systematic increase in the area, thickness and rich abundance of soil-protecting forests, particularly intense since the mid-nineteen-nineties. They cover mainly rusty soils and podzols on outwash areas, sandy terraces in sloped areas of postglacial valleys and gullies as well. Soil-protecting forests, which are managed by the RDSF in Toruń, vary a great deal considering their habitat, both in terms of dampness and trophic richness as well as spatially. The dominance of coniferous forests is due to the fact that they grow in the poorest habitats, which have not been previously used for agricultural purposes, and to the common practice in recent years of pine reforestation in open stromal areas. The assessment of the state of habitats indicates that 66.2% of the soil-protecting forest area is characterized as natural and close-to-natural. Distorted or transformed habitats occupy 26.2% of the soil-protecting forest area, while the degraded habitats 7.6%. Taking the study area into consideration we can observe the relationship between the incompatibility of habitat in its natural form and the post-arable feature. Changes in habitat characteristics are shown by 75.5% of the area of the soil-protecting forest located on former farmland, mainly in the areas with rusty podzolic soils (Albic Brunic Arenosols). Incompatibility of the habitats is, among others, the result of the creation in recent years, during the afforestation of agricultural lands, of solid pine stands, also in fertile habitats. Secondary planted pine monocultures in the forest areas resulted in podzolization of rusty soils and transformed them into rusty podzolic soils.
Paweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. Structure and importance of soil-protecting forests in the areas administered by the RDSF Toruń. Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 2015, 8, 123 -132.
AMA StylePaweł Wiśniewski, Mariusz Kistowski. Structure and importance of soil-protecting forests in the areas administered by the RDSF Toruń. Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series. 2015; 8 (1):123-132.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wiśniewski; Mariusz Kistowski. 2015. "Structure and importance of soil-protecting forests in the areas administered by the RDSF Toruń." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 8, no. 1: 123-132.