Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. It was once thought to be a disorder affecting only children, but in those undiagnosed in childhood, symptoms do not disappear with age. There is now a growing recognition of the late diagnosis and treatment of adults with ADHD. The first-line drug in pharmacotherapy is methylphenidate, and information about its adverse effects, when used by adults, has not been as extensively described as in children. The aim of this article was to review the literature describing the risks of methylphenidate therapy for adults with ADHD. A total of 19 articles—15 clinical trials and 4 case reports presenting rare side effects resulting from methylphenidate therapy, such as reversible ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and psychotic episodes, were analyzed. The analysis from clinical trials included 3458 adult patients with ADHD and described the most common side effects, psychiatric adverse events, effects of methylphenidate treatment on sleep, laboratory results, body mass, and cardiovascular symptoms. Methylphenidate treatment is well tolerated, with side effects described, according to severity, as mild to moderate. We conclude that pharmacotherapy is not risk-free and methylphenidate, due to its side effects, may not be the first drug of choice for every patient.

Cel pracy: W pracy opisano związek między nasileniem objawów uzależnienia od ćwiczeń, strategiami behawioralnymi w sytuacji ograniczonych możliwości trenowania a stanem zdrowia psychicznego osób ćwiczących.Metoda: W badaniu wzięło udział 391 uczestników, 286 kobiety (73,1%) i 105 mężczyzn (26,9%), w wieku od 18 do 68 lat. Badani po 17-19 dniach barier w rutynowych treningach spowodowanych największymi ograniczeniami COVID-19 w Polsce jednorazowo wypełniali ankietę online. Respondenci wypełniali polskie wersje Exercise Dependence Scale, Oceny Zdrowia Psychicznego (GHQ-28) oraz kwestionariusze umożliwiające zebranie danych demograficznych, klinicznych i dotyczących zachowań związanych z ćwiczeniami.Wyniki: Zmienne związane z uzależnieniem od ćwiczeń i niektóre odnoszące się do zmian behawioralnych są predyktorami zdrowia psychicznego, zwłaszcza w zakresie lęku, bezsenności i objawów somatycznych. Wszystkie wprowadzone zmienne odpowiadały za 27,4% do 43,7% zróżnicowania stanu zdrowia psychicznego badanych, w zależności od podskal GHQ. Łamanie reguł restrykcji przez trening na świeżym powietrzu chroniło przed objawami zaburzeń psychicznych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do objawów somatycznych (Beta=-0,23, p<0,001). Indywidualna ocena stresogenności sytuacji była predyktorem wyników we wszystkich podskalach GHQ, najsilniejszym dla objawów lęku i bezsenności (Beta=0,37, p<0,001).Wnioski: Osoby z cechami uzależnienia od ćwiczeń są narażone na pogorszenie samopoczucia podczas przymusowej abstynencji. Ponadto subiektywny poziom indukcji stresu w danej sytuacji jest ważną determinantą warunkującą dobrostan psychiczny, zwłaszcza nasilenie objawów depresyjnych. Osoby, które ignorują ograniczenia i oceniają stres jako niski, doświadczają niższych kosztów psychologicznych.

Objective: this study aims to comprehensively compare neuropsychological, psychopathological, anthropometric, biochemical, pharmacological, and lifestyle variables between 27 male schizophrenic patients (SZ group) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy male controls (HC group). Methods: participants underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests including the Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, and Verbal Fluency Test. Psychopathological symptoms in the SZ group were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Anthropometric measurements such as body weight, height, BMI, and waist circumference were taken. Biochemical markers measured included fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and fasting insulin. Lifestyle factors were assessed through a questionnaire for the study of views and eating habits of people aged 16 to 65. Results: the HC group outperformed the SZ group in the TMT_A test and the Stroop test, but no significant differences were observed in the TMT_B test or in phonemic fluency tests. No correlation was found between age and PANSS scores within the SZ group. Anthropometrically, the SZ group had higher body weight, waist circumference, and BMI, with no difference in height. Biochemically, the HC group had higher HDL cholesterol levels but lower insulin and insulin resistance indices. Pharmacological assessment showed a more significant impact on body weight among SZ patients taking second-generation antipsychotics. Lifestyle factors such as diet and screen time were comparable between groups, but the SZ group reported longer sleep duration and lower leisure time activity. Conclusions: our study highlights distinct neuropsychological, pharmacological, anthropometric, and biochemical differences between male schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. The results underscore the complexity of schizophrenia and point toward the need for a multi-faceted approach to its management and understanding.

Introduction: Growing evidence indicates that diet quality significantly influences metabolic parameters and cognitive functioning. In healthy individuals, higher consumption of minimally processed foods and products rich in omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a more favorable lipid profile and better cognitive performance. Patients with schizophrenia present an increased risk of metabolic disturbances and reduced cognitive functioning. This suggests that this group may be particularly sensitive to nutritional factors. However, relatively few studies have simultaneously examined the relationships between diet, metabolism, and cognitive profile in patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the relationships between the frequency of consumption of selected food categories and metabolic parameters (glycemia, lipid profile, and insulin resistance), as well as cognitive functions (Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and verbal fluency), in patients with schizophrenia and healthy men. Methods: The study included 21 patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy men. All participants completed a questionnaire assessing the frequency of food consumption. Blood samples were collected to determine glucose, insulin, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels, and the HOMA-IR index was calculated. Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Stroop Test (RCNb, NCWd) and the Trail Making Test (TMT-A and TMT-B), which measure psychomotor speed and visuospatial working memory, respectively, and the verbal fluency test (semantic and phonological). Correlation analyses were performed separately in both groups. Due to the small sample size, all correlations are treated as exploratory and are analyzed with correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Exploratory analyses identified several patterns of associations between the frequency of consumption of selected food categories, metabolic parameters, and cognitive performance in both healthy men and patients with schizophrenia. The observed patterns differed between groups, suggesting that clinical status and treatment-related factors may modify diet–metabolism–cognition relationships. These findings highlight potential pathways linking dietary habits with metabolic and cognitive outcomes and provide a basis for further hypothesis-driven research. Conclusions: Diet quality may be related to metabolic status and cognitive functioning. However, the pattern of these associations differs between patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. The findings suggest that diet may play a role in metabolic health and cognitive functioning, particularly in clinical populations.