Работа посвящена разработке эффективных катализаторов для глубокой переработки нефти и получения высокооктановых компонентов моторных топлив. В качестве носителя использован Кынгракский бентонит, интеркалированный полигидроксокомплексами алюминия и модифицированный металлами VIII группы. В результате формируется слоисто-столбчатая структура с развитой системой микро- и мезопор, обеспечивающая увеличение удельной поверхности и повышение каталитической активности. Исследовано превращение алканов фракции C4–C6 на полученных катализаторах. Установлено влияние содержания модификатора, а также размера и дисперсности частиц активного металла на конверсию и селективность реакций. Показано, что частицы размером 20–60 нм обеспечивают высокую степень превращения, повышенный выход изоалканов и селективность жидких продуктов до 70% Жұмыс мұнайды терең өңдеу тиімділігін арттыруға және жоғары октанды компоненттер алуға арналған катализаторлар әзірлеуге бағытталған. Зерттеуде алюминий полигидроксокешендерімен модификацияланған және VIII топ металдарымен белсендірілген Қынғырақ бентониті негізіндегі катализаторларда C4–C6 алкандарының айналу процестері қарастырылды. Нәтижесінде жоғары меншікті беті бар қабатты-бағаналы кеуекті құрылым қалыптасатыны және оның каталитикалық белсенділікті арттыратыны анықталды. Модификатор мөлшерінің және белсенді металл бөлшектерінің өлшемі мен дисперстілігінің конверсия мен селективтілікке әсері зерттелді. 20–60 нм аралығындағы бөлшектер жоғары тиімділік көрсетіп, изоалкандар шығымын арттырып, сұйық өнімдер бойынша шамамен 70% селективтілікті қамтамасыз етеді The study focuses on the development of catalysts to enhance deep oil refining and obtain high-octane fuel components. The conversion of C4–C6 alkanes was studied over Kyngrak bentonite modified with aluminum polyhydroxy complexes and promoted with Group VIII metals. The modification leads to the formation of a pillared layered structure with developed micro- and mesopores, increasing surface area and catalytic activity. The effects of modifier concentration and active metal particle size and dispersion on conversion and selectivity were examined. It was found that metal particles of 20–60 nm provide high conversion, increased isooctane yield, and liquid product selectivity of about 70%

Atraphaxis virgata and Atraphaxis pyrifolia are xerophytic species of the Polygonaceae family that remain insufficiently characterized from pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and toxicological perspectives. This study provides an integrated evaluation of both species through anatomical authentication, sequential extraction of CO₂-extracted residual biomass, GC–MS and LC–MS metabolite profiling, and acute oral toxicity assessment. Anatomical analysis revealed shared xeromorphic traits, including cuticular protection, dorsiventral mesophyll organization, structured vascular bundles, and calcium oxalate druses. It also identified species-specific differences in leaf thickness, mesophyll arrangement, vascular architecture, and druse morphology. GC–MS analysis showed distinct chemical profiles: A. virgata displayed a concentrated profile dominated by acetophenone- and benzofuran-related constituents, whereas A. pyrifolia showed a broader spectrum of carbohydrate-derived, phenolic-related, and oxygenated constituents. LC–MS analysis supported the tentative annotation of diverse polyphenolic classes, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and phenylpropanoid derivatives. Acute oral toxicity testing showed no mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, supporting a low acute oral toxicity classification under the tested conditions. However, histological examination revealed mild to moderate dose-dependent alterations in liver and kidney tissues at higher doses. The novelty of this work lies in linking diagnostic anatomical traits, species-specific metabolite patterns, residual biomass valorization, and preliminary safety evidence within a single comparative framework. These findings provide a basis for pharmacognostic authentication, phytochemical standardization, and future bioactivity-guided evaluation of Atraphaxis species.

This study explores the possibility of making cardboard and molded egg carton packaging from corn residues and common reed as alternatives to wood-based pulp. Six formulations were made: corn husks (CHs), corn leaves (CLs), corn leaves (35%) plus corn husks (30%) and a corn blend (15%) of wollastonite (CaSiO₃) (CH + CL + W), a corn blend (CH + CL: husks 60%, leaves 40%), mixed corn waste (MCW) and shredded common reed (SR). Optical microscopy was used to evaluate the fiber morphology, including the calculation of the flexibility coefficient, the cell wall rigidity and the Runkel ratio, for raw materials and fiber after alkaline hydrolysis and casting of egg cartons in silicone molds. The grammage, burst strength and index, folding endurance, thickness and moisture content were measured in the cardboard samples, while warping, compressive deformation, moisture and ink absorption were measured in the egg cartons. The flexibility coefficient of the common reed fibers (64.5%) was better than that of the corn fibers (23.6%), and so was the Runkel ratio (0.86 vs. 1.2). In the case of cardboard formulations, the maximum burst strength (462.4 kPa) and the maximum burst index (3.0 kPa·g/m²) values were obtained with the MCW formulation, and the highest folding endurance (42 and 38 double folds) was obtained with the CH and SR formulations, respectively. The addition of wollastonite improved folding endurance to 28 double folds and reduced moisture content to 4.1%, whereas the moisture content was reduced but burst strength decreased to 250.5 kPa. Egg cartons made from corn were found to satisfy all the requirements tested for good packaging, while the reed-based cartons were found to have inadequate ink absorbency time (20 min), making them less printable. Overall, mixed corn residues seem to be the most promising raw materials for sustainable packaging, and wollastonite can be used to adjust the flexibility–strength balance.