Purpose: Lymphoma, the most predominant neoplastic disorder, is divided into Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma classifications. Immunotherapeutic modalities have emerged as essential methodologies in combating lymphoid malignancies. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells exhibit promising responses in chemotherapy-resistant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Methods: This comprehensive review delineates the advancement of CAR-T cell therapy as an immunotherapeutic instrument, the selection of lymphoma antigens for CAR-T cell targeting, and the conceptualization, synthesis, and deployment of CAR-T cells. Furthermore, it encompasses the advantages and disadvantages of CAR-T cell therapy and the prospective horizons of CAR-T cells from a computational research perspective. In order to improve the design and functionality of artificial CARs, there is a need for TCR recognition investigation, followed by the implementation of a quality surveillance methodology. Results: Various lymphoma antigens are amenable to CAR-T cell targeting, such as CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, the kappa light chain, and ROR1. A notable merit of CAR-T cell therapy is the augmentation of the immune system’s capacity to generate tumoricidal activity in patients exhibiting chemotherapy-resistant lymphoma. Nevertheless, it also introduces manufacturing impediments that are laborious, technologically demanding, and financially burdensome. Physical, physicochemical, and physiological limitations further exacerbate the challenge of treating solid neoplasms with CAR-T cells. Conclusion: While the efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell immunotherapy remain subjects of fervent investigation, the promise of this cutting-edge technology offers valuable insights for the future evolution of lymphoma treatment management approaches. Moreover, CAR-T cell therapies potentially benefit patients, motivating regulatory bodies to foster international collaboration.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine–metabolic disorder characterized by interconnected dysregulation of steroidogenesis and insulin signaling. Multi-target therapeutic strategies are increasingly needed to address its heterogeneous pathophysiology. Methods: An integrative approach combining transcriptomic analysis of GSE137684, including stratification of normoandrogenic and hyperandrogenic PCOS subtypes to capture androgen-related heterogeneity, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro validation was employed. Principal component analysis (PCA), differential expression analysis, and enrichment analyses were used to identify candidate genes and pathways. Molecular docking evaluated interactions between phytochemicals from Cinnamomum burmannii and Myristica fragrans and key PCOS targets. Functional validation was performed in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes and DHEA-induced KGN cells, assessing cell viability, lipid accumulation, glucose uptake, gene expression, and hormone levels. Results: PCA revealed partial separation between PCOS and the control samples, with PC1 and PC2 explaining 44.8% and 12.5% of variance, respectively. No genes remained significant after multiple testing correction; however, nominally significant candidates (p < 0.01) highlighted pathways related to steroidogenesis and metabolic regulation. Network analysis identified key hub genes including CYP17A1, CYP19A1, AKT1, ESR1, and MAPK1. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities, with top compounds showing binding energies up to −11.4 kcal/mol (CYP17A1) and −10.9 kcal/mol (AKT1). In vitro, cell viability remained above 80% across all tested concentrations, indicating low cytotoxicity. Treatment significantly reduced lipid accumulation and enhanced glucose uptake in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, expression of AKT1 and MAPK1 was significantly restored (p < 0.05). In KGN cells, testosterone levels were significantly decreased while the estradiol levels increased (p < 0.05), accompanied by the downregulation of CYP17A1 and upregulation of CYP19A1 (p < 0.05). The combination treatment exhibited more consistent effects across metabolic and hormonal endpoints. Conclusions:Cinnamomum burmannii and Myristica fragrans exert multi-target effects on metabolic and steroidogenic pathways relevant to PCOS. This integrative study demonstrates that transcriptomics-guided network pharmacology combined with experimental validation can identify synergistic phytotherapeutic strategies for complex endocrine disorders.

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology, are unified by pathogenic tau misfolding, post-translational modification, aggregation, and network-level spread. Yet decades of drug development that predominantly pursued single nodes (e.g., one kinase, one aggregation inhibitor, one monoclonal antibody epitope) have repeatedly delivered late-stage disappointments, underscoring a central lesson: tauopathy behaves less like a linear pathway and more like a coupled system of proteostasis failure, neuroinflammation, synaptic-mitochondrial stress, and metabolic dysregulation. This review examines rhizomes (notably Zingiberaceae genera such as Curcuma, Zingiber, Alpinia, Kaempferia, and Boesenbergia) as chemically diverse “multi-target platforms” whose bioactives can engage several tau-relevant nodes simultaneously. We synthesise evidence across tau phosphorylation (GSK-3β/CDK5 and upstream stress signalling), tau aggregation and seeding, autophagy-lysosome and proteasome pathways, redox-mitochondrial resilience, neuroinflammatory circuits (NF-κB/NLRP3), and neuro-metabolic signalling (insulin-PI3K-AKT, AMPK-mTOR). A translational lens is applied throughout, focusing on drug-likeness and CNS multiparameter optimisation; BBB permeability and efflux; metabolism and bioavailability constraints; and formulation strategies (nanoparticles, phytosomes, engineered exosomes) that may render rhizome-derived scaffolds more clinically plausible. We conclude that rhizomes offer credible mechanistic hypotheses for tau modulation, but progress depends on rigorous standardisation, realistic exposure matching, biomarker-driven study design, and a shift from “single-compound optimism” to network pharmacology with translational discipline.

Polysaccharide-based bioactive materials have emerged as versatile and biocompatible platforms at the intersection of pharmacy, biomedicine, and engineering, offering innovative solutions for complex diseases such as diabetes. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the translational design of polysaccharide-based biomaterials (spanning smart drug delivery systems, 3D scaffolds, and injectable hydrogels), elucidate their mechanistic insights in therapeutic contexts, and evaluate their clinical prospects, with a particular focus on diabetes management. Evidence from recent studies indicates that polysaccharide carriers can enable controlled and stimulus-responsive delivery of anti-diabetic agents (e.g. insulin, GLP-1 analogs), enhance tissue engineering approaches for diabetic wound healing and pancreatic islet transplantation, and even exert direct anti-hyperglycemic effects by modulating biological pathways. Mechanistically, these polymers can mimic extracellular matrix functions, promote cell adhesion and angiogenesis, modulate immune responses, and respond to physiological triggers (such as glucose or pH) to release therapeutics on-demand. Clinically, polysaccharide-based hydrogels (e.g. alginate and hyaluronic acid dressings) are already in use or trials for chronic wounds, and encapsulated-cell therapies are being explored to improve glycemic control without immunosuppression. Ongoing interdisciplinary research and numerous clinical studies underscore the translational potential of these bioactive materials in improving outcomes for diabetes and related complications. The future outlook is optimistic, as polysaccharide biomaterials continue to advance toward smarter, more personalized medicine, bridging the gap from bench to bedside. Graphical abstract The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.