Backround Data about the morphological changes of Covid-19 infection in peripheral blood smear are limited and association with clinical severity of the disease are not known yet. We aimed to examine the characteristics of the cells detected in the pathological rate and / or appearance and whether these findings are related to the clinical course by evaluating the peripheral blood smear at the time of diagnosis in Covid-19 patients. Methods Clinical features, laboratory data, peripheral blood smear of fifty patients diagnosed with Covid-19 by PCR was evaluated at diagnosis. Peripheral smear samples of the patients were compared with the age and sex matched 30 healthy controls. Pictures were taken from the paitients’peripheral blood smear. Patients were divided into two groups. Early and advanced stage patient groups were compared in terms of laboratory data and peripheral smear findings. The relationship between the laboratory values of all patients and the duration of hospitalization was analyzed. Results Pseudo pelger-huet, atypical lymphocytes, vacuole monocytes and pycnotic neutrophils rates were high in the patient group. Increased pseudo pelger-huet anomaly, psodo-pelger huet/mature lymphocyte ratio, decreased number of mature lymphocytes, and eosinophils in peripheral blood smear were observed in the advanced stage patients (p <0.05). A negative correlation was observed between the duration of hospitalization and mature lymphocyte, and monocytes with vacuoles rates (p <0.05). Conclusion Peripheral smear is a cheap, easily performed, and rapid test. Increased pseudo-pelger huet anomaly/mature lymphocytes rate is suggesting advanced stage disease, while high initial monocytes with vacuoles and mature lymphocyte rates at the time of diagnosis may be an indicator of shortened duration of hospitalization.

Nanoplastics (NPs; ≤1 µm) have been detected in human placenta, blood, lung, atherosclerotic plaque, testis, semen, olfactory bulb, and brain, shifting the field from environmental description toward mechanistic interrogation of barrier crossing. This review synthesises current evidence on NP translocation across the intestinal epithelium, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the placental syncytiotrophoblast. We distinguish four evidence categories throughout the review: detection, association, mechanism, and causality. We also apply model-system labels (in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, animal, and human) to every mechanistic claim, so that the strength of each statement can be read off directly. Most current studies use pristine polystyrene nanoplastics at concentrations 3–6 orders of magnitude above plausible human exposure, so the mechanistic conclusions below are hypothesis-generating for human disease rather than definitive. We propose a working conceptual framework—corona-driven barrier selectivity (CDBS)—in which the particle–corona–surface complex, rather than the bare polymer, is hypothesised to dictate which receptor and transport machinery (TfR1, LRP1, FcRn, P-gp/BCRP, caveolae) each barrier engages. CDBS is offered as a hypothesis-stage organising tool requiring experimental validation, not as an established mechanism. We outline reported transport modes, including clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, paracellular leakage via ROS-induced tight-junction disassembly, receptor-mediated transcytosis, and the candidate olfactory route. We emphasise that pristine polystyrene-bead doses commonly exceed plausible human exposure by 3–6 orders of magnitude, that detection methods underestimate sub-micrometre particles, and that causal links between NPs and human disease remain hypothesis-generating. A research agenda built on weathered reference materials, microphysiological systems, and integrative human biomarker science is proposed.

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium) are rich in flavonoids such as anthocyanins that are beneficial for the immune system. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro antigenotoxicity and anticytotoxicity of total antochyanins extracted from Prunus avium (TAP) using by chromosomal aberration (CA), single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) and micronucleus assay (MN) in human peripheral lymphocytes. 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL concentrations of TAP was screened for its protective activity using mytomicin-C and H 2 O 2 induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Also, positive, negative and solvent controls were used. According to the positive control TAP statistically decreased the abnormal cell percentage and CA/cell in 200 and 400 µg/mL at 24 h treatment and in all concentrations at 48 h. On the other hand, it was significantly increased the mitotic index in only 200 µg/mL at 24h and in all concentrations (except 200µg/mL) at 48h. Similarly, TAP were reduced MN frequency in all concentrations according to the positive control. In the comet assay, significant decreases in comet tail length, tail moment and tail intensity were observed in all concentrations. According to these results, we demonstrate that TAP has potent anticytotoxic and antigenotoxic effect against MMC and H2O2- induced genotoxicity.

A new series of isoxazole-fused thiazole–oxazole derivatives (11a–n) was rationally designed and synthesised with the aim of developing potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) I and II inhibitors. The synthesis was achieved in five steps starting from 4-bromoacetophenone, involving key intermediates such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine hydrate, thioisocyanate, and various phenacyl bromide derivatives, using ethanol, triethylamine, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvents. The synthetic route included the formation of a β-ketoester, isoxazole ester, hydrazine adduct, thiourea derivative, and, ultimately, a thiazole ring. The structures of the final compounds were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. All compounds were examined as inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I and II, and all of them inhibited hCA I and hCA II. Kinetic investigation results revealed that these compounds inhibited hCA I and hCA II in a non-competitive manner. To further explore the molecular basis of their inhibitory activity, in silico studies, including molecular docking and 300 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, were carried out against both CA I and CA II isoforms. These simulations provided detailed insights into the dynamic behaviour, stability, and key binding interactions of the compounds within the enzyme active sites, supporting their potential as promising carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Objective: Demographic and laboratory values predicting clinical severity in Covid-19 patients have been a matter of curiosity since the beginning of the disease. We aimed to show the relationship between the severity of Covid-19 disease and comorbidities, clinical and laboratory features of the patients. Material and Methods: The data of Covid-19 patients diagnosed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their clinical severity as mild, moderate and severe. Comorbidities and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) at the time of diagnosis were calculated for each patient from the patients' records. Demographic data, laboratory values, comorbidity and CCI scores were compared between the patient groups. The effect of CCI on survival and length of hospital stay was examined. Results: One hundred and four patients were included in the trial. The most common comorbid disease in the patients included in the trial was hypertension. The moderate-severe stage patients were statistically significantly older (p

Chalcones, 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones, represent a structurally simple yet highly versatile class of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds that have gained considerable attention in anticancer drug discovery. The persistent emergence of drug resistance, off target toxicity, and tumor heterogeneity drives the search for tunable, multi target scaffolds, and chalcones occupy a privileged position by engaging multiple cancer-related macromolecular targets. Their modular architecture allows efficient structural diversification through well-established synthetic methodologies, most notably the Claisen–Schmidt condensation. Systematic variation of substituents on either aromatic ring provides a convenient platform for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies, enabling fine-tuning of electronic properties, molecular planarity, and physicochemical characteristics. This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis and SAR driven optimization of chalcone derivatives with anticancer activity. Particular attention is given to how substituents on rings A and B translate into changes in potency and target selectivity across breast, lung, colorectal, cervical, prostate, and hematological malignancies, supported by a comparative table linking structural features to in vitro IC₅₀ values and mechanism of action. Key synthetic considerations, including substituent effects, accessibility of sterically and electronically diverse systems, green chemistry-oriented variants of the Claisen–Schmidt condensation, and opportunities for scaffold modification, are discussed. In parallel, selected biological mechanisms such as tubulin disruption, kinase modulation, apoptosis induction, redox regulation, and antiangiogenic effects are briefly systematically summarized to contextualize structure function relationships. Finally, current synthetic and translational challenges, together with emerging strategies such as hybrid molecule design, prodrug approaches, computational SAR analysis, and bioisosteric modification, are outlined to guide the development of next generation chalcone based anticancer agents.