The frequent application of pesticides in horticultural crops can generate residues with adverse consequences on the health of consumers. The objective of this research was to determine the residual and dissipation of lufenuron applied on peas (Pisum sativum L.), and its hazard and risk index by ingestion. The study was carried out in an open field in a semi-arid zone located in Arequipa, Peru. The treatments were the application of three doses of the active ingredient lufenuron (12, 24 and 30 g·ha^-1) in two opportunities (every 4 and 8 days), conforming six treatments applied via foliar in a completely randomized design, with three replications (18 plots). Lufenuron residues were detected in pea pods and grains by HPLC in samples collected 4, 8 and 16 days after the last application. Dissipation kinetics, half-life, ingestion hazard or health hazard index (HI) were calculated. The highest half-life values were 13.4 days in pods and 4.8 days in grains with the dose 24 g·ha^-1 and frequency of 8 days. The application frequency was more relevant than the lufenuron dose, and the difference was detected at 4 days after the last application. It was found that lufenuron residues in grains at 4 days of sampling exceeded the maximum residue limits in all treatments; however, under the conditions of this trial, ingestion of pea grains with lufenuron residues did not represent a health hazard and risk of population.

La demanda mundial de hortalizas saludables está en constante crecimiento debido a cambios en las preferencias de los consumidores por alimentos sanos, frescos y nutritivos. En este contexto, se requiere investigar en nuevas técnicas para optimizar el rendimiento de hortalizas como el brócoli, en base al uso de fuentes de materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la utilización de vermicompost, acolchado orgánico y cobertura plástica en la producción sostenible de brócoli y en algunas propiedades del suelo. El estudio se realizó en plantas de brócoli cv. Legacy, en un terreno agrícola ubicado en la quebrada de Tucos del anexo La Tomilla, distrito Cayma, provincia y región Arequipa, Perú. El experimento fue establecido con un diseño de bloques completos al azar en arreglo factorial de parcelas dividas. El tipo de cobertura (acolchado orgánico, cobertura plástica, y sin cobertura) se estableció en las parcelas grandes, y las dosis de vermicompost (4 y 8 t ha-1) en las parcelas pequeñas; de la interacción de los factores, surgieron 6 tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Los resultados demostraron que la cobertura plástica junto a la incorporación de 8 t ha-1 de vermicompost mejoraron el rendimiento del cultivo de brócoli (16666,66 kg ha-1), con un 98% de la producción alcanzando calidad de primera y 2% de segunda. Además, este tratamiento mantuvo la materia orgánica (4,27%), pH (7,1), salinidad (1,22 dS m-1), y temperatura (13,3 oC) del suelo en valores aceptables para el cultivo. La mayor rentabilidad del cultivo de brócoli fue 96,8%, con la utilización de cobertura plástica y 4 t ha-1 de vermicompost.

The use of organophosphate pesticides, such as profenofos, is a pressing environmental concern due to their persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms. For this reason, developing alternatives to remove them from the environment is crucial. The objective of this study was to biosynthesize ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous extract of Negra Criolla grape seeds for their application in the degradation of profenofos in synthetic solutions. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs had an average size of 52 ± 2 nm and a maximum absorption at 375 nm, characteristic of the surface plasmon resonance of ZnO NPs. The ATR-FTIR spectra showed peaks characteristic of ZnO NPs. The 2² × 3 factorial design showed that the optimal values for pH and ZnO NPs concentration are 5 and 3 g/L, respectively, achieving a primary degradation of profenofos (20 mg/L) of 59 ± 2% after 120 min of UV irradiation. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that ZnO NPs biosynthesized using an aqueous extract of Negra Criolla grape seeds exhibit photocatalytic activity for the degradation of profenofos; however, further studies are needed to evaluate their application in actual contaminated water.

La creciente demanda de frutas saludables impulsa el desarrollo de tecnologías sostenibles que aseguren alimentos inocuos. En este contexto, la aplicación de abonos orgánicos constituye una alternativa viable para suelos bajos en materia orgánica. Se evaluó el efecto de tres dosis de vermicompost (0, 90, 180 g·planta-1) y sustancias húmicas (0, 50 y 100 g·planta-1) sobre el rendimiento, calidad del fruto, y propiedades edáficas en el cultivo de fresa cv. San Andreas. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 3×3. La combinación de 180 g/planta de vermicompost y 50 g·planta-1de sustancias húmicas generó el mayor rendimiento (216,68 g·planta-1), con 90 % de frutos de calidad extra. Respecto a la calidad del suelo, incrementó el contenido de materia orgánica, nitrógeno total y CIC. Se demuestra que el uso combinado o individual de insumos orgánicos, mejora la productividad y sostenibilidad del cultivo de fresa en suelos bajos en materia orgánica.

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide used to control insect pests in avocado (Persea americana); its excessive application could generate residues above the maximum residue limits (MRL) in the fruit, causing a serious health risk to consumers. The objective of this work was to determine the residues and dissipation of imidacloprid in avocado fruit, Hass variety. The treatments were the doses of Imidacloprid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mL.L-1) under the commercial formulation Thunder 350SC and the forms of application (sprayed to foliage and drip at the foot of the plant). There were six treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with three replications and 18 experimental units (plants). Quantification was by HPLC (QuEChERS). The evaluations were carried out on two matrices (avocado fruit peel and pulp) at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the application of Imidacloprid. The application of the 0.5 mL.L-1 dose by drip at the foot of the plant resulted in lower residual and a higher percentage of dissipation in both matrices, higher daily dissipation rate in the pulp, with imidacloprid concentrations that did not exceed the MRL (0.7 mg.kg-1). The application of 1.5 mL.L-1 by spraying resulted in higher residual, and in a lower percentage of dissipation in both matrices, with imidacloprid concentrations in the peel exceeding the MRL at 7 and 14 days. In the pulp, none of the treatments exceeded the MRL.