The use of titanium dioxide, TiO₂ as a photocatalyst in water decontamination has witnessed continuous interest due to its efficiency, stability, low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. TiO₂ use is limited by its large band gap energy leading to light absorbance in the UV region of the spectrum, and by the relatively fast rate of recombination of photogenerated electrons and positive holes. Both limitations can be mitigated by using carbon-TiO₂ nanocomposites, such as those based on graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO). Relative to bare TiO₂, these nanocomposites have improved photocatalytic activity and stability under the UV–visible light, constituting a promising way forward for improved TiO₂ photocatalytic performance. This review focuses on the recent developments in the chemistry of TiO₂/G and TiO₂/GO nanocomposites. It addresses the mechanistic fundamentals, briefly, of TiO₂ and TiO₂/G and TiO₂/GO photocatalysts, the various synthesis strategies for preparing TiO₂/G and TiO₂/GO nanocomposites, and the different characterization techniques used to study TiO₂/G and TiO₂/GO nanocomposites. Some applications of the use of TiO₂/G and TiO₂/GO nanocomposites in water decontamination are included.

Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes have been widely investigated for water treatment applications due to their promising performance in terms of flux, salt rejection, and their antifouling properties. This review article provides an overview of the TFN membrane characterization and performance. It presents different characterization techniques that have been used to analyze these membranes and the nanofillers within them. The techniques comprise structural and elemental analysis, surface and morphology analysis, compositional analysis, and mechanical properties. Additionally, the fundamentals of membrane preparation are also presented, together with a classification of nanofillers that have been used so far. The potential of TFN membranes to address water scarcity and pollution challenges is significant. This review also lists examples of effective TFN membrane applications for water treatment. These include enhanced flux, enhanced salt rejection, antifouling, chlorine resistance, antimicrobial properties, thermal stability, and dye removal. The article concludes with a synopsis of the current status of TFN membranes and future perspectives.