For further uptake in the solar cell industry, n-ZnO/p-Si single heterojunction solar cell has attracted much attention of the research community in recent years. This paper reports the influence of bandgap and/or electron affinity tuning of zinc oxide on the performance of n-ZnO/p-Si single heterojunction photovoltaic cell using PC1D simulations. The simulation results reveal that the open circuit voltage and fill factor can be improved significantly by optimizing valence-band and conduction-band off-sets by engineering the bandgap and electron affinity of zinc oxide. An overall conversion efficiency of more than 20.3% can be achieved without additional cost or any change in device structure. It has been found that the improvement in efficiency is mainly due to reduction in conduction band offset that has a significant influence on minority carrier current.

As the global population grow, so will the demand for energy to ensure standards of living, health and life expectancy, literacy and opportunity, etc. To cope with this energy demand, nuclear energy, which is believed to be sustainable, clean and safe, has been extensively advocated. To enhance the future role of nuclear energy systems, a generation of innovative nuclear energy systems, known as Generation IV, has been proposed to replace the current Gen II/III reactors and Gen III+ reactors that will be deployed in near future. A new concept involving the use of heat pipes as control devices for nuclear reactors will be investigated in this book. The feature of the concept is that the heat pipe will contain a fissionable material as the working fluid. The primary purpose of the heat pipe will be to change the amount of fuel within a reactor Instead of the usual purpose of transferring heat. In conjunction with Heat Pipe (HP) in this book we have also allocated a section on Directed Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System (DRACS) and presenting the scalar analysis for it as well in particular in respect to Advanced High Temperature Reactors (AHTRs) and Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of Generation IV (GEN-IV) such as Molten Salt Reactor is shape of the Pebble-Bed Reactor (PBR). The Pebble-Bed Reactor (PBR) is a design for a graphite-moderated, gas-cooled nuclear reactor. It is a type of very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR), one of the six classes of nuclear reactors in the Generation IV initiative.

The human race has always innovated, and in a relatively short time went from building fires and making stone-tipped arrows to creating smartphone apps and autonomous robots. Today, technological progress will undoubtedly continue to change the way we work, live, and survive in the coming decades. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the world has witnessed the emergence of social media, smartphones, self-driving cars, and autonomous flying vehicles. There have also been huge leaps in energy storage, artificial intelligence, and medical science. We are facing immense challenges in global warming and food security, among many other issues. While human innovation has contributed to many of the problems we are facing, it is also human innovation and ingenuity that can help humanity deal with these issues “New directions in science are launched by new tools much more often than by new concepts. The effect of a concept-driven revolution is to explain old things in new ways. The effect of a tool-driven revolution is to discover new things that have to be explained”. (F. Dyson, 1997 In this article, we review the impact of technology as evolving at beginning of 21st Century on future prospect of Energy demand either renewable or non-renewable form, Economy, to Ecommerce, Education and any other E-related of Modern Technology.