Improving urban land green use efficiency (ULGUE) is an effective way to increase social, economic, and ecological benefits and achieve regional sustainable development goals. This study takes three batches of low-carbon pilot cities construction as a quasi-natural experiment and investigates the impact of low-carbon pilot construction on ULGUE through the multi-period difference-in-differences method and spatial Dubin difference model (SDM-DID). The results show that (1) from 2006 to 2019, ULGUE in China increased. From the aspect of space, ULGUE in China gradually decreased from west to east, showing an obviously high agglomeration phenomenon in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and the Pearl River Delta; (2) after the robustness test, parallel trend test, and endogenous test, it is found that the conclusion that the low-carbon pilot construction can effectively improve ULGUE is still relevant and can indirectly improve ULGUE in the local region through fund allocation, talent gathering, and industrialization; and (3) the national ULGUE has significant positive spatial correlation. The results of the SDM-DID model confirm that the low-carbon pilot policy can produce the significant spatial spillover and drive the common advance of ULGUE in neighboring regions. Therefore, the resources and environmental conditions in each city are supposed to be taken into full consideration theoretically. Furthermore, it is necessary to effectively promote the development of ULGUE by strengthening the linkage of green production factors between different cities, so as to make meaningful contributions to promoting China’s overall green development.

Whether rural public expenditure can be effectively absorbed and transformed into agricultural economic resilience at the local level is a critical issue affecting the long-term stable development of agriculture. From a cultural–geographical perspective, this study constructs a Rural Public Expenditure Absorption Capacity Index (ACI) encompassing three dimensions—geographical location, sociocultural structure, and institutional environment. Using panel data from 30 provinces in China covering the period 2011–2023, and employing a two-way fixed-effects model, a moderating effect model, and a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model, this study systematically investigates the effects and underlying mechanisms of rural public expenditure on agricultural economic resilience. The results indicate that: (1) rural public expenditure is significantly and positively associated with agricultural economic resilience, and this finding remains robust after a series of robustness and endogeneity tests; (2) the resilience effects of rural public expenditure exhibit significant regional and structural heterogeneity, with significant effects observed only in eastern China and major grain-consuming regions. Across different expenditure categories, all types of expenditure promote agricultural economic resilience except science and technology expenditure, which exhibits a negative effect; (3) the moderating effect of absorption capacity demonstrates clear structural heterogeneity. Specifically, a significant positive matching effect exists between medical and health expenditure and absorption capacity, whereas education expenditure exhibits a negative moderating relationship; and (4) the GTWR results further reveal significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the interaction effects between rural public expenditure and absorption capacity, displaying an overall dynamic evolution pattern characterized by “synergistic enhancement—regional differentiation.” From a cultural–geographical perspective, this study provides empirical evidence on the local embeddedness mechanisms through which rural public expenditure influences agricultural economic resilience. It also offers policy implications for optimizing the structure of rural public expenditure, improving local fiscal resource absorption capacity, and promoting the sustainable development of the agricultural economy.