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Florian Kretschmer
Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Energies
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In light of global warming and the energy turn, sector coupling has gained increasing interest in recent years, from both the scientific community and politics. In the following article it is hypothesized that efficient multifaceted sector coupling solutions depend on detailed spatial and temporal characteristics of energy demand and supply. Hence, spatiotemporal modelling is used as a methodology of integrated spatial and energy planning, in order to determine favourable sector coupling strategies at the local level. A case study evaluation was carried out for both central and decentral renewable energy sources. Considering the high temporal resolutions of energy demand and supply, the results revealed a feasible operation of a district heating network in the central areas of the case study municipalities. Additionally, building integrated solar energy technologies are capable of providing large amount of excess energy that could serve other demand sectors, such as the mobility sector, or could be used for Power-to-X solutions. It is suggested that sector coupling strategies require spatial considerations and high temporal comparisons, in order to be reasonably integrated in spatial and urban planning.

ACS Style

Peter Lichtenwoehrer; Lore Abart-Heriszt; Florian Kretschmer; Franz Suppan; Gernot Stoeglehner; Georg Neugebauer. Evaluating Spatial Interdependencies of Sector Coupling Using Spatiotemporal Modelling. Energies 2021, 14, 1256 .

AMA Style

Peter Lichtenwoehrer, Lore Abart-Heriszt, Florian Kretschmer, Franz Suppan, Gernot Stoeglehner, Georg Neugebauer. Evaluating Spatial Interdependencies of Sector Coupling Using Spatiotemporal Modelling. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Lichtenwoehrer; Lore Abart-Heriszt; Florian Kretschmer; Franz Suppan; Gernot Stoeglehner; Georg Neugebauer. 2021. "Evaluating Spatial Interdependencies of Sector Coupling Using Spatiotemporal Modelling." Energies 14, no. 5: 1256.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Energies
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In many countries around the world heating (and cooling) has been and will remain the biggest energy sector, but it is still widely dominated by fossil energy sources today. Wastewater as a source of renewable energy contains large amounts of heat and due to its place-bound localization in urban sewer systems it is usually also situated in very close distance to potential heat consumers. However, one has to keep in mind that heat extraction from wastewater might have undesired impacts on temperature-sensitive treatment processes in the related wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). To assess the potential impact of in-sewer heat recovery on inflow temperature, two different approaches are available today: a simple (but less significant) alligation alternate, or very accurate (but less practical) mathematical models. To close the gap between practicability and significance this article introduces a novel approach to pre-assess the suitability of in-sewer heat recovery sites based on little and easily available data considering energy- and wastewater-related perspectives. A case study application demonstrates the informative value and general usability of the approach. Consequently, the proposed procedure can provide guidance and a template for related investigations at any place in a conventional (combined or separated) sewer system.

ACS Style

Franz Huber; Georg Neugebauer; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. Suitability Pre-Assessment of in-Sewer Heat Recovery Sites Combining Energy and Wastewater Perspectives. Energies 2020, 13, 6680 .

AMA Style

Franz Huber, Georg Neugebauer, Thomas Ertl, Florian Kretschmer. Suitability Pre-Assessment of in-Sewer Heat Recovery Sites Combining Energy and Wastewater Perspectives. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Franz Huber; Georg Neugebauer; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. 2020. "Suitability Pre-Assessment of in-Sewer Heat Recovery Sites Combining Energy and Wastewater Perspectives." Energies 13, no. 24: 6680.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in Sustainability
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The application of blue and green infrastructure in urban stormwater management has attracted increasing interest in recent years. At the same time, one can observe a heavy modification of urban watercourses by land reclamation measures aiming at canalizing, straightening, and draining existing water systems at many places around the world. In the context of sustainable urban development, the question arises, whether the reactivation of former watercourses could be an additional option to support urban stormwater management. This article introduces a process to identify former watercourses and to pre-assess their suitability to support urban stormwater management considering different hydraulic functionalities and stormwater related criteria. To prove the practicability of the approach, it was applied in a case study. Our investigations revealed that the reactivation of former watercourses can provide additional opportunities towards more nature-based and sustainable stormwater management in the urban fabric.

ACS Style

Lena Simperler; Martina Glanzer; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. Identification and Pre-Assessment of Former Watercourses to Support Urban Stormwater Management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5660 .

AMA Style

Lena Simperler, Martina Glanzer, Thomas Ertl, Florian Kretschmer. Identification and Pre-Assessment of Former Watercourses to Support Urban Stormwater Management. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lena Simperler; Martina Glanzer; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. 2020. "Identification and Pre-Assessment of Former Watercourses to Support Urban Stormwater Management." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5660.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Water
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The mono-incineration of sewage sludge offers new opportunities to develop wastewater infrastructure as regional energy cells and resource recovery sites. At the moment, the most important products of this technology are electric energy and heat from combined heat and power plants, as well as ash for the recovery of phosphorus. With spatial analysis, scenarios of the decentralized and centralized spatial organization of mono-incineration are assessed with regard to the energy balances of the incineration process, transport demands, and the possibility to accommodate excess heat in the surrounding spatial fabric, and these are evaluated by applying a multi-criteria analysis. The study is based on the Austrian case and shows that the utilization, not only of phosphorus and excess energy but also of other potential resources should be aimed for. The transport of sludge and the potential to use excess heat in the surrounding spatial fabric decide if centralized or decentralized scenarios are environmentally more feasible, whereas an “economy of scale” clearly gives leeway to the centralized options. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that introducing mono-incineration should not only focus on the process engineering itself but should also consider spatial planning provisions to reduce transport demands and to deliver excess energy to the surrounding spatial fabric.

ACS Style

David Wagner; Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; Gernot Stoeglehner. Integrating Life-Cycle Perspectives and Spatial Dimensions of Sewage Sludge Mono-Incineration. Water 2020, 12, 1267 .

AMA Style

David Wagner, Georg Neugebauer, Florian Kretschmer, Gernot Stoeglehner. Integrating Life-Cycle Perspectives and Spatial Dimensions of Sewage Sludge Mono-Incineration. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Wagner; Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; Gernot Stoeglehner. 2020. "Integrating Life-Cycle Perspectives and Spatial Dimensions of Sewage Sludge Mono-Incineration." Water 12, no. 5: 1267.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In December 2018, wastewater was officially recognized by the European Union as a renewable source of energy, thus wastewater heat recovery can be included in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Given the fact that wastewater treatment plants can generate enormous heat surpluses, this decision gives leeway to couple the wastewater infrastructure with the energy system in order to increase energy efficiency at the system level, allow for power to heat solutions in order to integrate volatile renewable electricity generation and, thus, foster a sustainable energy transition and cleaner production. Yet, the success of these system integrations depends on the availability of energy consumers in proximity of the wastewater treatment plants, and the temporal patterns of energy supply and energy demand. So far, the importance of both temporal and spatial variations in performance of wastewater heat recovery systems have been discussed in literature, but only as separate considerations to date. In order to exhaust the potential of wastewater energy, the combination of both aspects still has to be studied sufficiently, and this paper aims at filling that gap. A three-step methodology is proposed, including an energetic analysis at the wastewater treatment plant, a spatio-temporal analysis of supply and demand in potential supply areas, and an integrated analysis, overlaying the supply and demand profiles. This allows to account for both the proximity of consumers and potential temporal mismatches between supply and demand. The methodology was applied on a case study in Ireland, being able to clearly identify potentials and pitfalls for laying out grids and dimensioning the energy generation systems. It can be concluded, that wastewater energy is a well-suited source of energy to supply baseloads, but the spatio-temporal patterns reveal that both periods of excess wastewater heat potentials as well as additional heating in bivalent systems is required. Therefore, the spatial – urban and regional – fabric, the mix of land uses and their density, largely determine the layout and the usable amount of this renewable energy source. Finally, it can be concluded, that the use of wastewater energy provides feasible and valuable contributions for sustainable urban energy supply systems and cleaner production if the electricity sources for the respective heat pump systems are renewable guaranteeing low-to zero-emission operation.

ACS Style

Jan Spriet; Aonghus McNabola; Georg Neugebauer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. Spatial and temporal considerations in the performance of wastewater heat recovery systems. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 247, 119583 .

AMA Style

Jan Spriet, Aonghus McNabola, Georg Neugebauer, Gernot Stoeglehner, Thomas Ertl, Florian Kretschmer. Spatial and temporal considerations in the performance of wastewater heat recovery systems. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 247 ():119583.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Spriet; Aonghus McNabola; Georg Neugebauer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl; Florian Kretschmer. 2019. "Spatial and temporal considerations in the performance of wastewater heat recovery systems." Journal of Cleaner Production 247, no. : 119583.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in Energies
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In recent years, most cities have experienced rapid population growth. Concurrently, international policies have called for substantial reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the resilience of energy-supply systems has become more important. Consequently, solutions to exhaust locally-available sources must be developed to minimize the fraction of fossil fuels for heating, cooling and electricity. This article shows an example of designing a low-temperature heating and cooling grid based on locally-available renewables and waste heat and introduces general hypotheses concerning smart energy planning in urban development zones. Taking an urban development area in Vienna, Austria, as example, it is shown that wastewater, geothermal and (office) waste heat, solar energy, and the heat content of ambient air can play an important role within a climate-friendly urban energy concept and that heating and cooling demand can be covered completely on-site. From an environmental point of view, the concept is promising, as greenhouse gas emissions and the non-renewable primary energy consumption can be reduced by over 70% compared to conventional gas heating, while, based on current (fossil) energy prices, it is economically not fully competitive. The gap could be closed e.g. by CO2 taxes on fossil energy sources or (temporal) subsidies for renewables. Additionally, reservations of stakeholders in the energy sector against this innovative approach must be dismantled.

ACS Style

Franz Zach; Florian Kretschmer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Zach. Integrating Energy Demand and Local Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Urban Development Zones: New Options for Climate-Friendly Resilient Urban Planning. Energies 2019, 12, 3672 .

AMA Style

Franz Zach, Florian Kretschmer, Gernot Stoeglehner, Zach. Integrating Energy Demand and Local Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Urban Development Zones: New Options for Climate-Friendly Resilient Urban Planning. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Franz Zach; Florian Kretschmer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Zach. 2019. "Integrating Energy Demand and Local Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Urban Development Zones: New Options for Climate-Friendly Resilient Urban Planning." Energies 12, no. 19: 3672.

Conference paper
Published: 19 September 2019 in Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems
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The heating sector is a key energy sector in the European Union. Wastewater contains significant amounts of thermal energy. Heat recovery from wastewater can support the energy transition. Wastewater heat recovery concerns a multitude of different disciplines.

ACS Style

Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. Chances and Barriers of Wastewater Heat Recovery from a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems 2019, 297 -299.

AMA Style

Florian Kretschmer, Thomas Ertl. Chances and Barriers of Wastewater Heat Recovery from a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems. 2019; ():297-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. 2019. "Chances and Barriers of Wastewater Heat Recovery from a Multidisciplinary Perspective." Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems , no. : 297-299.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Water Science and Technology
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Pluvial flood risk is increasing in urban and rural areas due to changes in precipitation patterns and urbanization. Pluvial flooding is often associated with insufficient capacities of the sewer system or low surface drainage efficiency of urban areas. In hilly areas, hillside runoff additionally affects the risk of pluvial flooding. This article introduces a methodical approach and related evaluation criteria for a systematic analysis of potential causes of urban pluvial flooding. In the presented case study, the cause of pluvial flooding at two selected sites in a hillside settlement is investigated based on a coupled 1D/2D model of the whole hydrological catchment. The results show that even though bottlenecks in the sewer system are important, the effect of low surface drainage efficiency and hillside runoff greatly influence pluvial flooding. The knowledge of different causes of flooding can be further used for selecting and positioning appropriate adaption measures. The presented approach proved its practicability and can thus serve as a guidance and template for other applications to gain better understanding and knowledge of local specific pluvial flooding events.

ACS Style

Lena Simperler; Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. A methodical framework for analysing the cause of urban pluvial flooding in a hillside settlement. Water Science and Technology 2019, 79, 1798 -1807.

AMA Style

Lena Simperler, Florian Kretschmer, Thomas Ertl. A methodical framework for analysing the cause of urban pluvial flooding in a hillside settlement. Water Science and Technology. 2019; 79 (9):1798-1807.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lena Simperler; Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. 2019. "A methodical framework for analysing the cause of urban pluvial flooding in a hillside settlement." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 9: 1798-1807.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2018 in Energies
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Climate change is one of the great challenges of our times. In the search for renewable energy sources, wastewater has received increasing attention in recent years. This is due to the fact that it can serve as a source of electricity and heat supply, as well as a substitute for natural gas. The current literature frequently addresses more technical aspects from a mostly sanitary engineering-orientated perspective. Social aspects related to the energetic use of wastewater still appear to be underrepresented. To support the closure of existing knowledge gaps and to contribute to the development in this field, this article addresses two issues: it defines and characterises key stakeholder groups required to catalyse broader energetic usage of wastewater, and it proposes a participatory approach to support successfully establishing wastewater as a commonly accepted source of renewable energy to best support the ongoing energy transition.

ACS Style

Florian Kretschmer; Georg Neugebauer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl. Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy. Energies 2018, 11, 3232 .

AMA Style

Florian Kretschmer, Georg Neugebauer, Gernot Stoeglehner, Thomas Ertl. Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy. Energies. 2018; 11 (11):3232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Kretschmer; Georg Neugebauer; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl. 2018. "Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy." Energies 11, no. 11: 3232.

Originalarbeit
Published: 03 September 2018 in Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
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Die österreichische Klärschlammverwertung befindet sich im Umbruch. 2030 sollen bis zu 85 % des kommunalen Klärschlammanfalls einer Monoverbrennung zugeführt werden, um aus der dabei anfallenden Asche Phosphor rückzugewinnen. Die im Land verfügbaren Kapazitäten reichen aktuell noch bei Weitem nicht aus, um das genannte Ziel erfüllen zu können. Die Umsetzung dieser Vorgabe stellt somit eine große planerische Hausforderung dar. Dabei muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass es sich bei der Klärschlammverwertung um eine sehr interdisziplinäre Materie handelt. In diesem Artikel werden die relevanten Fachbereiche dargestellt sowie die Chancen und Herausforderungen angeführt, die sich mit der Klärschlamm-Monoverbrennung aus der jeweiligen Perspektive ergeben. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Monoverbrennung erwartungsgemäß Chancen in Bezug auf die Bereitstellung von Sekundärressourcen und auch Energie bietet. Dem gegenüber stehen aber auch gewisse Herausforderungen, wobei hier unter anderem der räumliche Kontext zwischen dezentralem Klärschlammanfall und zentraler Klärschlammverwertung oder der mögliche Verlust bestimmter Wertstoffe zu nennen ist. Durch eine möglichst frühzeitige Einbindung aller relevanten Akteure sowie der Öffentlichkeit in den integralen Planungsprozess soll sichergestellt werden, dass tragfähige Lösungen von weitreichender Akzeptanz erarbeitet und die Ressource Klärschlamm künftig bestmöglich genutzt wird. In Austria sewage sludge management is in transition. By 2030 up to 85 % of the domestic sewage sludge produced shall be mono-incinerated for further recovery of phosphorus from the ashes. Current capacities cannot meet the future demand by far. Consequently, meeting the target is considered a great planning challenge. In this context, one has to consider the interdisciplinary character of sewage management. This article introduces relevant disciplines and presents the chances and challenges related to sewage sludge mono-incineration from their specific perspectives. Investigations show that mono-incineration, obviously, provides chance referring to the provision of secondary resources and energy, respectively. Challenges relate, among others, to the spatial context between decentralised sewage sludge production and centralised sewage sludge recycling or the potential loss of other valuable sewage sludge contents. An early stage involvement of all relevant stakeholders and the public shall ensure the development of broadly accepted solutions and a best possible future use of sewage sludge as a resource.

ACS Style

Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Zingerle; Thomas Ertl. Perspektiven der künftigen Klärschlammbewirtschaftung in Österreich. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 2018, 70, 579 -587.

AMA Style

Florian Kretschmer, Thomas Zingerle, Thomas Ertl. Perspektiven der künftigen Klärschlammbewirtschaftung in Österreich. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft. 2018; 70 (11-12):579-587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Zingerle; Thomas Ertl. 2018. "Perspektiven der künftigen Klärschlammbewirtschaftung in Österreich." Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 70, no. 11-12: 579-587.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Ecological Engineering
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In Austria, about 95% of the population are served by 1865 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with design size >50 population equivalent (PE). Besides, there are about 27′500 small WWTPs with design size less than 50 PE. Among these small WWTPs, the technologies implemented most frequently are about 7020 conventional activated sludge plants, 5560 treatment wetlands and 5240 Sequencing Batch Reactors. About 45% of the small WWTPs have a design size between 5 and 10 PE. It has been shown that design standards for small WWTPs increased the numbers implemented for both technical and nature-based technologies. A permit given from the local authorities is required for operating a small WWTP. If the design of a small WWTPs follows a design standard, the process to get a permit is simplified. Most authorities request that owners of small WWTPs have a maintenance contract with a company and/or that owners/operators have to pass the training course for operators of small WWTPs offered by the Austrian Wastewater and Waste Association (ÖWAV). Within the 1.5 days long training courses, owners/operators gain basic knowledge on wastewater treatment and thus better understand their plant. This should finally result in well operated and maintained small WWTPs. Since the year 2000, more than 200 training course have been held and more than 5500 owners/operators of small WWTPs have been trained.

ACS Style

Guenter Langergraber; Alexander Pressl; Florian Kretschmer; Norbert Weissenbacher. Small wastewater treatment plants in Austria – Technologies, management and training of operators. Ecological Engineering 2018, 120, 164 -169.

AMA Style

Guenter Langergraber, Alexander Pressl, Florian Kretschmer, Norbert Weissenbacher. Small wastewater treatment plants in Austria – Technologies, management and training of operators. Ecological Engineering. 2018; 120 ():164-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guenter Langergraber; Alexander Pressl; Florian Kretschmer; Norbert Weissenbacher. 2018. "Small wastewater treatment plants in Austria – Technologies, management and training of operators." Ecological Engineering 120, no. : 164-169.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2018 in Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions
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Pluvial flood risk is increasing in urban and rural areas due to changes in precipitation patterns and urbanization. Pluvial flooding is often associated with insufficient capacities of the sewer system or low drainage efficiency of urban areas. In hilly areas hillside runoff additionally affects the risk of pluvial flooding. In the presented case study the cause of pluvial flooding at two selected sites in a settlement is investigated. To investigate all effects of pluvial flooding a coupled 1D-2D model of the whole catchment of the settlement is necessary. The results show that even though bottlenecks in the sewer system are important the effect of low drainage efficiency and hillside runoff greatly influence pluvial flooding. The knowledge of different causes of flooding can be further used for selecting and positioning appropriate adaption measures.

ACS Style

Lena Simperler; Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. Analysing the Cause of Urban Pluvial Flooding in a Hillside Settlement. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 459 -463.

AMA Style

Lena Simperler, Florian Kretschmer, Thomas Ertl. Analysing the Cause of Urban Pluvial Flooding in a Hillside Settlement. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():459-463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lena Simperler; Florian Kretschmer; Thomas Ertl. 2018. "Analysing the Cause of Urban Pluvial Flooding in a Hillside Settlement." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 459-463.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

René Kollmann; Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; Barbara Truger; Helene Kindermann; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl; Michael Narodoslawsky. Renewable energy from wastewater - Practical aspects of integrating a wastewater treatment plant into local energy supply concepts. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 155, 119 -129.

AMA Style

René Kollmann, Georg Neugebauer, Florian Kretschmer, Barbara Truger, Helene Kindermann, Gernot Stoeglehner, Thomas Ertl, Michael Narodoslawsky. Renewable energy from wastewater - Practical aspects of integrating a wastewater treatment plant into local energy supply concepts. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 155 ():119-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

René Kollmann; Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; Barbara Truger; Helene Kindermann; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl; Michael Narodoslawsky. 2017. "Renewable energy from wastewater - Practical aspects of integrating a wastewater treatment plant into local energy supply concepts." Journal of Cleaner Production 155, no. : 119-129.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment
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Summary The heat content of wastewater presents a great but still widely unused potential for energy supply. The thermal energy recovered through heat exchangers and heat pumps can be used for the heating (and cooling) of buildings and even for hot water production. At the moment, at least about 500 installations are operated on a global scale, and most experiences are available in Switzerland. In Austria, some wastewater heat recovery systems are also already under operation, for instance in Amstetten and in Weiz. However, due to the lack of superordinate strategies for planning, implementing, and operating wastewater heat recovery systems on federal and provincial level, the Austrian installations are primarily the result of personal initiatives of local stakeholders. This paper gives a general overview of different policy instruments for initializing and further promoting wastewater heat recovery as well as potential operating models for related heat supply systems and conducts a related comparison with the current Austrian situation. The information gained can serve as an input for the development of an initialization program for wastewater heat recovery on Austrian national level.

ACS Style

Florian Kretschmer. Thermal use of wastewater – Policy instruments for initialization and potential operating models / Thermische Nutzung von Abwasser – Instrumente zur Verbreitung und mögliche Betreibermodelle. Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 2016, 67, 173 -183.

AMA Style

Florian Kretschmer. Thermal use of wastewater – Policy instruments for initialization and potential operating models / Thermische Nutzung von Abwasser – Instrumente zur Verbreitung und mögliche Betreibermodelle. Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment. 2016; 67 (3):173-183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Kretschmer. 2016. "Thermal use of wastewater – Policy instruments for initialization and potential operating models / Thermische Nutzung von Abwasser – Instrumente zur Verbreitung und mögliche Betreibermodelle." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 67, no. 3: 173-183.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Florian Kretschmer; Lena Simperler; Thomas Ertl. Analysing wastewater temperature development in a sewer system as a basis for the evaluation of wastewater heat recovery potentials. Energy and Buildings 2016, 128, 639 -648.

AMA Style

Florian Kretschmer, Lena Simperler, Thomas Ertl. Analysing wastewater temperature development in a sewer system as a basis for the evaluation of wastewater heat recovery potentials. Energy and Buildings. 2016; 128 ():639-648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Kretschmer; Lena Simperler; Thomas Ertl. 2016. "Analysing wastewater temperature development in a sewer system as a basis for the evaluation of wastewater heat recovery potentials." Energy and Buildings 128, no. : 639-648.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2015 in Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
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Although the main function of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is to remove various constituents from wastewater it can also serve as a source of energy and other materials. The generated resources can be used either on-site at the WWTP or elsewhere at an adjacent infrastructure. In the course of a current national research project, the possibilities and potentials regarding the integration of WWTPs into local energy supply concepts are being investigated in Austria. Preliminary results show that in particular the amount of thermal energy available exceeds by far the on-site demands of WWTPs. Even on-site electrical energy demands could be self-addressed under certain conditions. This paper describes the estimation of total energy consumption and generation and the related degree of energetic self-sufficiency at certain Austrian WWTPs. Preliminary results regarding the development of a tool for evaluating and optimising on-site and externally supplied use of energy are presented. Finally, the possibilities of energy supply for neighbouring spatial structures are discussed briefly and conclusions drawn about the potential to develop WWTPs as regional energy cells.

ACS Style

F. Kretschmer; Georg Neugebauer; R. Kollmann; M. Eder; F. Zach; A. Zottl; M. Narodoslawsky; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl. Resource recovery from wastewater in Austria: wastewater treatment plants as regional energy cells. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2015, 6, 421 -429.

AMA Style

F. Kretschmer, Georg Neugebauer, R. Kollmann, M. Eder, F. Zach, A. Zottl, M. Narodoslawsky, Gernot Stoeglehner, Thomas Ertl. Resource recovery from wastewater in Austria: wastewater treatment plants as regional energy cells. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2015; 6 (3):421-429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Kretschmer; Georg Neugebauer; R. Kollmann; M. Eder; F. Zach; A. Zottl; M. Narodoslawsky; Gernot Stoeglehner; Thomas Ertl. 2015. "Resource recovery from wastewater in Austria: wastewater treatment plants as regional energy cells." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 3: 421-429.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2015 in Sustainability
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Wastewater heat recovery via heat exchangers and heat pumps constitutes an environmentally friendly, approved and economically competitive, but often underestimated technology. By introducing the spatial dimension in feasibility studies, the results of calculations change considerably. This paper presents a methodology to estimate thermal energy resource potentials of wastewater treatment plants taking spatial contexts into account. In close proximity to settlement areas, wastewater energy can ideally be applied for heating in mixed-function areas, which very likely have a continuous heat demand and allow for an increased amount of full-load hours compared to most single-use areas. For the Austrian case, it is demonstrated that the proposed methodology leads to feasible results and that the suggested technology might reduce up to 17% of the Austrian global warming potential of room heating. The method is transferrable to other countries as the input data and calculation formula are made available. A broad application of wastewater energy with regard to spatial structures and spatial development potentials can lead to (1) increasing energy efficiency by using a maximum of waste heat and (2) a significant reduction of (fossil) energy consumption which results in a considerable reduction of the global warming potential of the heat supply (GWP) if electricity from renewables is used for the operation of heat pumps.

ACS Style

Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; René Kollmann; Michael Narodoslawsky; Thomas Ertl; Gernot Stoeglehner. Mapping Thermal Energy Resource Potentials from Wastewater Treatment Plants. Sustainability 2015, 7, 12988 -13010.

AMA Style

Georg Neugebauer, Florian Kretschmer, René Kollmann, Michael Narodoslawsky, Thomas Ertl, Gernot Stoeglehner. Mapping Thermal Energy Resource Potentials from Wastewater Treatment Plants. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (10):12988-13010.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georg Neugebauer; Florian Kretschmer; René Kollmann; Michael Narodoslawsky; Thomas Ertl; Gernot Stoeglehner. 2015. "Mapping Thermal Energy Resource Potentials from Wastewater Treatment Plants." Sustainability 7, no. 10: 12988-13010.

Research articles
Published: 19 February 2015 in Urban Water Journal
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Operation and maintenance of the public sewer system represent key tasks for an operator. Condition assessment is usually conducted by conventional closed circuit television (CCTV) inspection. However, alternative tools such as manhole-zoom cameras (MZCs) and the acoustic technology SewerBatt® are available today. The INNOKANIS project investigates structural and operational condition assessment in the sewer system by means of three MZC models and SewerBatt® to develop a combined optical and acoustic device as a cost-effective alternative to conventional CCTV inspection. The first field trials of the ongoing project were conducted in Austria in 2011. 640 conditions according to EN 13508-2/A1 were investigated and compared against conventional CCTV reports. Individual and combined detection rates for both devices were calculated. Based on the current findings, both MZC and SewerBatt® are effective alternatives to conventional CCTV inspection. In addition, performance is significantly enhanced when both devices are used in combination.

ACS Style

H. Plihal; Florian Kretschmer; M. T. Bin Ali; Chan Hwang See; A. Romanova; Kirill Horoshenkov; Thomas Ertl. A novel method for rapid inspection of sewer networks: combining acoustic and optical means. Urban Water Journal 2015, 13, 3 -14.

AMA Style

H. Plihal, Florian Kretschmer, M. T. Bin Ali, Chan Hwang See, A. Romanova, Kirill Horoshenkov, Thomas Ertl. A novel method for rapid inspection of sewer networks: combining acoustic and optical means. Urban Water Journal. 2015; 13 (1):3-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Plihal; Florian Kretschmer; M. T. Bin Ali; Chan Hwang See; A. Romanova; Kirill Horoshenkov; Thomas Ertl. 2015. "A novel method for rapid inspection of sewer networks: combining acoustic and optical means." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 1: 3-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2014 in Water Practice and Technology
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Currently, around 100,000 km of public sewers are operated in Austria, with cleaning as one of the main tasks for a wastewater utility. Due to the precarious financial situation of many cities and municipalities sewer cleaning represents a considerable financial burden, resulting in the extension of cleaning intervals and the delay of required cleaning activities. Different approaches to sewer management can be distinguished. If a selective strategy is adopted, only pipe sections with deposits are cleaned. Thus, detailed information regarding the amount of deposits is required. A simple and quick method to inspect the sewer system and assess the degree of sediments is by means of a manhole-zoom camera. The current research project INNOKANIS investigates the operational condition assessment of sewers by means of different manhole-zoom cameras. So far the data suggest that the majority of investigated pipe sections belongs to the self-cleaning category. Only 1% of the pipe sections of combined sewers and 11% of sanitary sewers require additional cleaning. The example of the city of Salzburg illustrates the potential savings in connection with sewer cleaning if a selective approach is adopted. Following a strategic change, the sewer cleaning expenses decreased by 60% within a year.

ACS Style

H. Plihal; F. Kretschmer; D. Schwarz; Thomas Ertl. Innovative sewer inspection as a basis for an optimised condition-based maintenance strategy. Water Practice and Technology 2014, 9, 88 -94.

AMA Style

H. Plihal, F. Kretschmer, D. Schwarz, Thomas Ertl. Innovative sewer inspection as a basis for an optimised condition-based maintenance strategy. Water Practice and Technology. 2014; 9 (1):88-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Plihal; F. Kretschmer; D. Schwarz; Thomas Ertl. 2014. "Innovative sewer inspection as a basis for an optimised condition-based maintenance strategy." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 1: 88-94.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2013 in Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
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Die optische Inspektion von Entwässerungssystemen und die damit verbundene Zustandserfassung nach ÖNORM EN 13508-2/A1 (ÖNORM EN 13508-2/A1 (2010): Zustand von Entwässerungssysteme außerhalb von Gebäuden – Teil 2: Kodiersystem für die optische Inspektion.) sind heute wichtige Aspekte des integralen Kanalmanagements nach ÖNORM EN 752 (ÖNORM EN 752 (2008): Entwässerungssysteme außerhalb von Gebäuden. EuropäischesKomitee für Normung. Brüssel.). Fehler in der Zustandserfassung können in weiterer Folge die Zustandsklassifizierung und -beurteilung und damit alle darauf aufbauenden Planungsmaßnahmen (z. B. Sanierungsplanung) beeinflussen. Ein von Bölke et al. (BÖLKE, K.-P., ERTL, T., GANGL, G., KRETSCHMER, F. (2006): Auf dem Weg zurqualitätsgesicherten Kanalinspektion in Österreich / QS-TV und Muster LV. Wiener Mitteilungen, Band 196, D1-D16, Wien.) festgestellter Anteil von etwa 35 % an falschen Ergebnissen bei Kanalinspektionen und eine von Plihal et al. (PLIHAL, H., KRETSCHMER, F., ERTL, T. (2010): Analyse der Genauigkeit der optischen Zustandsbeschreibung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Sanierungsplanung. Wiener Mitteilungen, Band 220, D1-D19, Wien.) ermittelte falsche Erkennungsrate von Zuständen in der Höhe von 51 % verdeutlichen bestehende Defizite bei der Zustandserfassung. Falsche oder ungenaue Quantifizierungen von Zuständen (z. B. Rissbreiten), die oftmals aus einfachem Abschätzen anstelle von Messungen resultieren, können ebenfalls große Auswirkungen auf die Qualität der Ergebnisse der optischen Inspektion haben. Die gängigen Verfahren der Zustandsklassifizierung und -beurteilung benötigen neben den erwähnten Quantifizierungen auch Angaben über diverse Randbedingungen, welche aber auch oftmals nicht gesichert vorhanden sind.

ACS Style

Dominik Schwarz; Florian Kretschmer; Hanns Plihal; Thomas Ertl. Kanalinspektion nach ÖNORM EN 13508-2/A1 – Vereinfachte Klassifizierung von Zuständen. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 2013, 65, 94 -104.

AMA Style

Dominik Schwarz, Florian Kretschmer, Hanns Plihal, Thomas Ertl. Kanalinspektion nach ÖNORM EN 13508-2/A1 – Vereinfachte Klassifizierung von Zuständen. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft. 2013; 65 (3):94-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Schwarz; Florian Kretschmer; Hanns Plihal; Thomas Ertl. 2013. "Kanalinspektion nach ÖNORM EN 13508-2/A1 – Vereinfachte Klassifizierung von Zuständen." Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 65, no. 3: 94-104.