Background/Objectives: Therapeutic education for children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a continuous and essential process in the effective management of the disease. These programs consider the unique characteristics and developmental needs of each child or adolescent, aiming to empower them to take responsibility for their disease self-management, improve quality of life, and prevent complications. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of therapeutic education in children and adolescents with T1DM on self-management of their disease. Methods: International bibliography was reviewed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Key words such as “Therapeutic Education”, “Type 1 diabetes”, “children”, “self-management”, “glycemic control”, and “educational programs” in combination with Boolean operators (AND, OR) were used in English language to search for studies conducted during 2014–2024. Results: A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most reported improvements in glycemic control, though not all showed statistically significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Enhanced treatment adherence and increased diabetes-related knowledge were common outcomes. Combined educational approaches incorporating psychoeducational interventions demonstrated greater effectiveness in promoting self-management. Digital tools, such as Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM), further supported adherence. Quality-of-life improvements were noted but were not always sustained long-term. Parental involvement appeared to improve children’s confidence in disease management. The critical role of interdisciplinary diabetes care teams, particularly nurses’ role, was also highlighted. Conclusions: Therapeutic education appears to support self-management among children and adolescents with T1DM, particularly when programs are individualized, family-centered, multidisciplinary, and supported by psychosocial or technological components. However, effects on glycemic control were not consistent across studies, and further research is needed to confirm long-term outcomes.