Karin Rainwald

Ms. Karin Rainwald


Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

1Year (2026-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

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30 June 2026 in Hydrogen
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
NKNejc Klopcic
Nejc Klopcic
KRKarin Rainwald
Karin Rainwald
MKMartin Krennböck
Martin Krennböck
DSDominik Schiffer
Dominik Schiffer
RRRené Regenfelder
René Regenfelder
ATAlexander Trattner
Alexander Trattner
To supply hydrogen to the geographically decoupled demand sites, efficient hydrogen transport is necessary. The existing natural gas pipelines represent a promising transport solution, with the blended hydrogen content expected to steadily increase. An open issue of hydrogen blending is the mixing behavior. Therefore, the effects of different geometric parameters (diameters, angles), operating conditions (velocities, concentrations), and injection layouts (single- and multi-point) on the mixture quality during direct injection of hydrogen into a natural gas pipeline are studied using 3D CFD. The main goal is to find parameters and layouts leading to sufficient mixing quality over a range of operating conditions. The mixing quality is determined based on the coefficient of variation (COV). The results show that the momentum flux ratio is a key parameter governing the mixing behavior. However, a high momentum flux ratio alone does not guarantee sufficient uniformity for all operating conditions. For the investigated range, single-point injection cannot ensure reliable mixing quality, whereas multi-point layouts with higher hydrogen inlet velocities achieve sufficient uniformity.