The digital preservation of built cultural heritage requires precise documentation techniques capable of capturing complex architectural geometries often affected by occlusions and data voids. This study presents a robust multi-sensor fusion workflow integrating Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry for the 3D reconstruction of the Hasaköy (Sasima) Church in Niğde, Türkiye. To address the limitations of traditional registration methods, specifically the susceptibility of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm to local minima in datasets with partial overlaps, this study proposes a fine-tuning approach based on the Multi-population Based Differential Evolution (MDE) algorithm. The methodology employs a coarse-to-fine strategy, initiating with Fast Point Feature Histogram (FPFH) extraction and RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) for global alignment, followed by TR-ICP, MDE, PSO, and Aquila Optimizer (AO) evaluation, computational-time analysis, FPFH-radius sensitivity testing, and 6-DoF transformation decomposition to characterize both accuracy and operational cost. In the 30-run fine-tuning evaluation, MDE reduced the mean bidirectional trimmed RMSE from 0.4152 m for TR-ICP to 0.3726 m. With a population parameter of 10, MDE retained a low median RMSE of 0.3718 m, while PSO exhibited a wider stochastic tail under the same bounded 6-DoF search budget. AO produced a higher mean bidirectional trimmed RMSE of 0.5233 m. The decimeter-scale bidirectional RMSE should be interpreted as a cross-source, partial-overlap distance metric rather than sensor precision; the overlapping facade objective was approximately 2.4–2.8 cm, and the UAV block was independently controlled with a 1.34 cm GCP RMSE. This study establishes a transparent and reproducible framework for heritage documentation, supporting the faithful digital preservation of endangered monuments with complex typologies.

This research focuses on the sustainable use of materials by analyzing the chemical and mechanical effects of adding a hydraulic lime-based binder, calcite (CaCO₃), and recycled brick powder to Roman mortars from Phaselis. The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of these ingredients on Roman mortars. For this purpose, sand was partially replaced with recycled brick powder. In the experimental studies, the mortar specimens were subjected to compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) tests after curing for 28 days. Based on the mechanical tests, the CS values of the mortars ranged from 2.55 to 12.36 MPa, while the FS values ranged from 1.53 to 4.51 MPa. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the microstructural properties of the samples and the chemical composition of the binder medium. The study shows that the pore structure of lime-based mortars can be optimized using waste materials for both the restoration of historical monuments and the construction of sustainable new structures. Overall, this research contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and the development of environmentally friendly structures by demonstrating the feasibility of producing Roman mortars from waste materials.