This paper presents a nonlinear control based on pulse width modulation (PWM) and an estimation mechanism of the output power to regulate the output voltage of a boost converter supplying a constant power load (CPL). The controller uses three parameters Kp, KE and KA lending the regulator an adaptive nature. The behavior of the latter can be expressed in terms of the dynamic description of three errors. Namely, i) current error, i.e., difference between the average value of the inductor current and its equilibrium value, ii) output voltage error, i.e., deviation between the output voltage and its desired equilibrium value and iii) power error, i.e., difference between the output power estimated value and its actual value. The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the three errors results in a parametric region in the plane Kp-KE in which the system stability is guaranteed. The regulator exhibits fast and precise responses in the presence of disturbances in the input voltage and the load power. Conduction losses provoke steady-state errors in both current and power estimation but do not affect the output voltage tracking.

Continuous and accurate state-of-charge estimation is essential for optimal reliability and performance in electric vehicle battery management systems. This work reviews state-of-charge estimation strategies, from straightforward methods like lookup tables and ampere-hour counting to advanced mathematical models, such as electrochemical, observer-assisted equivalent circuit, and impedance-based models that capture cell dynamics. Additionally, data-driven models including fuzzy logic, neural networks, and support vector machines are explored for their ability to leverage large datasets. This review highlights the strengths and limitations of each method, emphasizing the specific contexts in which these strategies can be applied to achieve optimal effectiveness.

This paper analyzes for the first time a two-loop sliding-mode control (SMC) of a high-order converter supplying a constant power load (CPL). The converter is a single-switch quadratic buck structure (QBC) interfacing a domestic 380 V DC bus to a CPL requiring a regulated voltage of 48 V DC. The converter is unstable in the absence of control and even after the insertion of an inner loop based on SMC of the input inductor current. The addition of an appropriate linear outer loop establishing the reference to the inner loop stabilizes the system and provides output voltage regulation. The regulated QBC shows a fast recovery of the output voltage with negligible overshoot in response to step-type changes of the output power or the input voltage. It is also shown that the implemented regulator for CPL supply can be used directly in the case of a constant current load (CCL) or a constant resistance load (CRL) resulting in similar performance to the CPL case. PSIM simulations and experimental results in a 400 W prototype are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has prompted the need to enhance the technology of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to improve their response when subjected to external factors that can alter their performance, thereby affecting their safety and efficiency. Mechanical abuse has been considered one of the major sources of LIB failure due to the changes it provokes in the structural integrity of cells. Therefore, this article aims to review the main factors that aggravate the effects of mechanical loading based on the results of different laboratory tests that subjected LIBs to abusive testing. The results of different cell types tested under different mechanical loadings have been gathered in order to assess the changes in LIB properties and the main mechanisms responsible for their failure and permanent damage. The main consequences of mechanical abuse are the increase in LIB degradation and the formation of events such as internal short circuits (ISCs) and thermal runways (TRs). Then, a set of standards and regulations that evaluate the LIB under mechanical abuse conditions are also reviewed.

This paper proposes a system, based on a self- excited induction generator with a shunt electronic converter, to feed isolated three-phase and single-phase linear or nonlinear loads. The electronic converter is composed by a three-phase four-wire voltage source inverter (VSI) and, connected to its dc side, two dc/dc converters. The VSI compensates the current harmonics, the reactive power and the load unbalances. The first of the dc/dc converters is a battery charger/discharger and the other converter dissipates the active power excess, through a chopper, so these dc/dc converters keep the active power balance of the complete system. The designed control architecture assures that, in steady state, the rms values of the voltages and the frequency remain at the their reference values. The simulated results show a good performance of the system under different loading conditions.

Hysteretic comparators are often used to implement sliding‐mode controllers or other type of discontinuous regulators for power switching converters. Their design is usually performed analogically yielding robust and fast controllers that can even allow converter operation with high values of duty cycle. A new analogue implementation based on a low‐cost microcontroller is described in this study showing the mentioned advantages plus the flexibility of a programmable digital system. The proposed comparator employs some microcontroller peripherals without consuming execution time of the control algorithm and without requiring interruption management. It provides variable hysteresis width to obtain constant switching frequency in sliding‐mode strategies and can be used in any type of hard switching converter. The dynamic performance of the method is verified experimentally in a boost converter‐based rectifier with power factor correction and output voltage regulation in one single stage. The boost converter operates in sliding mode with constant switching frequency and results in a total harmonic distortion of the input current <1%.