The growing popularity of electric vehicles on a worldwide scale leads to further research to monitor their performance. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology will make it easier to integrate the automated real-time monitoring system with the current electric vehicle technology. The great majority of electric vehicles use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Use of lithium-ion batteries creates an overcharging situation in the battery, which significantly decreases battery life. It also increases the possibility of disastrous safety risks due to fire. This paper develops an IoT-based battery management system to minimize hazardous situations. The battery monitoring system (BMS) notifies the user about the condition of the battery in real time.

The fast growth of wireless communication systems and the growing need for very high data rates have been the driving force behind the creation of sixth-generation (6G) technologies that operate in the terahertz (THz) frequency region. This research represents the design and analysis of a small compact microstrip patch antenna that works in the terahertz (THz) frequency range for 6G cellular connectivity. The Rogers RT5880 substrate and annealed copper are used in the design of the suggested antenna, which aims for a 593 GHz resonance frequency. A progressive design technique that incorporates slotting and geometric optimization has been used to develop a castle shaped antenna which improve impedance matching and bandwidth to overcome the inherent constraints of traditional microstrip antennas. Excellent impedance matching is shown by the final design's near-ideal voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and return loss (S11) of –48.76 dB. It achieves a broad impedance bandwidth of 154.88 GHz, which far outperforms many current systems. The antenna exhibits consistent radiation characteristics in the broadside direction, a gain of 8.005 dBi, a directivity of 8.727 dBi, and an efficiency of around 91.73%. The proposed design performs very well in terms of bandwidth and efficiency, while also preserving compact dimensions and structural simplicity, as shown by a comparative comparison with most current literature. These results validate the suitability of the proposed antenna for high-speed, short-range THz communication systems in future 6G networks.

The Thermohaline Convection-Enhanced Solar Membrane Distillation (TSMD) system is introduced as an innovative and sustainable solution to global water scarcity, designed to operate entirely off-grid using renewable energy sources, primarily solar thermal power, for an optimal eight-hour daily cycle. Unlike conventional desalination systems dependent on grid electricity or fossil fuels, the TSMD incorporates a 12 V DC submersible pump powered by a 15 W solar panel, a 12V-7Ah battery ensuring semi-autonomous operation in remote or resource-limited regions. The design integrates thermohaline convection and a pump to enhance heat and mass transfer, improving evaporation and condensation efficiency. Experimental results from hardware testing indicate a freshwater production rate of approximately 5.4 L of freshwater from 10 L of feedwater (54% water recovery), with brine discharge maintained at about 4.6 L. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels were significantly reduced, reaching as low as 109 ppm, far below the WHO drinking water threshold of 300 ppm. Under peak sunlight conditions, the system achieved a thermal efficiency of approximately 62%. These findings demonstrate that the TSMD system is environmentally friendly, and its energy-independent design makes it a strong potential for solving the freshwater shortages in arid, semi-arid, and off-grid communities around the globe.