Introduction: Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is a significant issue in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), as it is in the majority of cancer types. An important deficiency in immunooncology today is the lack of a predictive factor to identify this patient group. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a type of cell that contributes to immunotherapy resistance by inhibiting T cell activity. While it accumulates in the tumor microenvironment and blood, it can also accumulate in lymphoid organs such as the spleen and cause splenomegaly. Therefore we aimed to evaluate the effect of increase in splenic volume, which can be considered as an indirect indicator of increased MDSC cells, on survival outcomes in mRCC patients. Methods: We analyzed 45 patients with mRCC who received nivolumab as a second-line or subsequent therapy. Splenic volume was analyzed from baseline imaging before starting nivolumab and from control imaging performed within the first 6 months of treatment initiation. Additionally, we analyzed how patients’ body mass index (BMI), IMDC risk score, ECOG performance status, nephrectomy status, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and sites of metastasis. Results: Median splenic volume change was 10% (ranging from − 22% to + 117%) during follow-up. Change in splenic volume was found to be associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.025, 0.04). The median PFS in patients with increased splenic volume was 5 months, while it was 17 months in patients without increased splenic volume. (HR 2.1, 95% CI (1–4), p = 0.04). The median OS in patients with increased splenic volume was 9 months, while it was 35 months in patients without increased splenic volume (HR 2.7, 95% CI (1.1–6.2), p = 0.025). In four patients with decreased splenic volume, neither PFS nor OS could reach the median value. Log-rank p value in respectively (0.015, 0.035), The group in which an increase in volume was accompanied by a high NLR had the shortest survival rate. Basal splenic volume was analyzed separately. However, neither PFS nor OS differed significantly. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the change in splenic volume throughout immunotherapy regimens may be utilized to predict PFS and OS in mRCC patients undergoing treatment.

Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic success of thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) across different age and gender groups, and to investigate the effect of aging and sex-related variables on biopsy adequacy. Methods: This retrospective study included 486 patients who underwent thyroid FNAB between 2022 and 2024. Patients were stratified into two age groups (

Pediatrik Girişimsel Radyolojiye Genel Bakış Çağrı ERDİM Girişimsel İşlemler Öncesi Hasta Değerlendirme Ezel YALTIRIK BİLGİN Girişimsel İşlem Öncesi Görüntüleme Teknikleri Sıla ÖZGÜRGÜN CANKAYA Pediatrik Girişimsel Radyolojide Anestezi Feryal KORKMAZ AKÇAY Baş ve Boyun Vasküler Anatomisi Mehmet TURMAK Baş-Boyun Vasküler Anomalileri Hüseyin Gökhan YAVAŞ Muhammed ALPASLAN Serebral Anjiyografi Teknik ve Uygulamalar Velihan ÇAYHAN Serebral Endovasküler Tedaviler Bige SAYIN Karotis Ve Vertebral Arter Girişimleri Emre ALP Baş Boyun Vasküler Tümörler Ali DABLAN Spinal Vasküler Anatomi ve Varyasyonlar Hamza ÖZER Pediatrik Spinal Endovasküler Girişimler Bige SAYIN Periferik Arteriyel Anatomi Betül AKDAL DÖLEK Pediatrik Anjıiografiye Genel Bakış Husam VEHBİ Pulmoner Vasküler Malformasyonlar Mehtap OKTAY Pulmoner Arter Girişimleri Mehmet CİNGÖZ Torasik Aorta Girişimsel İşlemleri Gökçe KAŞ İbrahim ECE Abdominal Aorta ve Pelvik Arter Girişimleri Erbil ARIK Gürkan DANIŞAN Renal Arter Girişimleri Muhammet Kürşat ŞİMŞEK İsmail DİLEK Üst Ekstremite Arteriyel Girişimleri Hülya ÇETİN TUNÇEZ Alt Ekstremite Arteriyel Girişimleri Ahmet BAYRAK İntravasküler Yabancı Cisim Çıkarılması İsmail DİLEK Muhammet Kürşat ŞİMŞEK Periferik Venöz Anatomi Seçil GÜNDOĞDU Pediyatrik Venografi’ye Genel Bakış Sevgi DEMİRÖZ TAŞOLAR Periferik Vasküler Malformasyonlar Mehmet TURMAK Muhammed TEKİNHATUN Pediatrik Santral Venöz Girişimler Çağrı DAMAR Boyun ve Üst Ekstremite Venöz Girişimleri Merve HOROZ DÖNMEZ Lenfanjiografi ve Duktus Torasikus Embolizasyonu Samet GENEZ Portal ve Hepatik Venöz Girişimler, Konjenital Portosistemik Şant Tanı ve Tedavisi Ahmet BAYRAK Görüntüleme Eşliğinde Perkütan Biyopsiler Emre ALP Plevral Efüzyon ve Ampiyem Tedavisi Betül AKDAL DÖLEK Perkütan Apse ve Sıvı Drenajları Mustafa REŞORLU Fırathan SARIALTIN Perkütan Kist Hidatik Tedavisi Gülsüm Kübra BAHADIR Perkütan Gastrointestinal Girişimler Gülsüm Kübra BAHADIR Perkütan Biliyer Girişimler Mahmut DEMİRCİ Perkütan Üriner Sistem Girişimleri Mustafa YILDIRIM Hakan ARTAŞ Ahmet Kürşad POYRAZ Çocuklarda Perkütan Basit Renal Kist Tedavisi ve Perkütan Nefrolitotomi Gülşah BAYRAM ILIKAN Görüntüleme Eşliğinde Meme Girişimleri Seçil GÜNDOĞDU Pediatrik Kas İskelet Sistemi Girişimsel İşlemleri Kadir Han ALVER Görüntüleme Eşliğinde Tümör Ablasyonu Temel Prensipleri Uğur KESİMAL Retinoblastomda İntraarteriyel Kemoterapi Bedia KESİMAL Uğur KESİMAL

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation (MWA) and combined ethanol plus microwave ablation (EA+MWA) in patients with symptomatic benign thyroid nodules.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (25 nodules) treated between January 2023 and January 2025. Patients with predominantly solid nodules underwent MWA (n = 18), while patients with nodules with prominent cystic components received EA+MWA (n = 6). Nodule volumes were calculated using the ellipsoid formula before and 6 months after the procedure, and the volume reduction ratio (VRR%) was determined.Results: The mean VRR at 6 months was 62.15% ± 9.61 in the MWA group and 74.37% ± 14.27 in the EA+MWA group. Although higher in the EA+MWA group, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.094). Both groups demonstrated substantial volume reduction and were free from major complications. Transient hoarseness occurred in four patients.Conclusion: Both MWA and EA+MWA are effective and safe for the treatment of symptomatic benign thyroid nodules. The combination of EA and MWA may provide greater volume reduction in nodules with prominent cystic components.