Large-scale urbanization in China has altered land surface characteristics, affected climate and hydrological cycles, and changed the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. The combined effects of global warming and the urban heat island effect have further intensified changes in urban rainfall patterns. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution of precipitation under China’s rapid urbanization process in order to reduce multiple disaster risks. To achieve this, historical precipitation data and multisource remote sensing imagery were integrated to construct a spatiotemporal coupling model for analyzing the relationship between urbanization patterns and precipitation distribution in China. In addition, combined with the background of global climate change, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of annual, monthly, and seasonal precipitation were investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) China still has great potential for urbanization and economic development and is currently in a new stage of rapid growth; (2) During 1992–2020, the national area proportion receiving annual precipitation of (200, 400] mm decreased by approximately 0.12 percentage points per year, whereas the area proportion receiving (400, 800] mm increased by approximately 0.11 percentage points per year, indicating a measurable shift toward wetter precipitation conditions; (3) Heavy rainfall events in China are expected to increase in the future, mainly occurring from June to August, with a maximum monthly precipitation reaching 1137.9 mm; (4) Urbanization may be one of the important factors associated with precipitation changes in China, with 2008 identified as a key turning point, when the urbanization rate approached 50% and began to exhibit a preliminary scale effect.