To assess research directions of the Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injections in traumatology and orthopaedics. The study monitored the protocols of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) investigating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections for various traumatological and orthopaedic conditions. Relevant RCT protocols were identified through searches of ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, EU Clinical Trials Register databases for RCTs and SRs were obtained from PROSPERO. The databases were searched from their inception to December 2023. A total of 449 clinical trials were identified. At the time of the study, 159 (35.4%) trials had been completed, and only 56 (12.5%) had published results in peer-reviewed journals. Data on clinical trial completion were normally distributed (p = 0.145). The duration for trial completion was 40.6 ± 26.5 months (range: 1 to 153 months). The most commonly investigated indications for MSCs injections were osteoarthritis of the hip and knee (37.6%) and spinal cord injuries (10.5%). The most frequent sources of MSCs were bone marrow (26.5%), adipose-derived (20.5%) and umbilical cord (15.4%). Reported MSCs concentrations varied widely, ranging from 0.5 × 10⁶ to 9.7 × 10⁸ cells. The most frequently used concentrations were 1 × 10⁷ (8.2%), 2 × 10⁷ (8.0%), 5 × 10⁷ (5.8%), and 10 × 10⁷ (5.8%) cells, while 59 other dosing schemes were each used in fewer than 1% of trials. Furthermore, 55.5% of protocols did not specify the cell concentration. A search in PROSPERO identified 114 systematic review protocols. By the time of the study, 32 studies (28.10%) had been completed, with the results of 30 (26.32%) published in peer-reviewed journals. MSC injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics. However, the results of only a small proportion of clinical trials and systematic reviews are published in peer-reviewed journals, which most likely does not allow practitioners to form a full judgement on the efficacy and safety of this treatment.

Objective: evaluation of the feasibility of using the Borg CR10 perceived exertion scale in the training process of young football players and its role in injury prevention.Material and methods: 48 athletes aged 15–17 were examined by scale of perceived exertion during the 7 month every day within 20 minutes after the training. The coaches also assessed the degree of perceived exertion. A comparative retrospective analysis of injuries was done for the periods of the mycrocycle of the youth football league of the seasons 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 based on muscle injuries, ligament and joint capsular injuries.Results: Athletes’ scores on the Borg CR10 scale in the preparation, competition and transitional stages of the competitive macrocycle are 5.08 ± 1.28, 5.00 ± 1.16 and 4.67 ± 1.38, respectively. The coaches’ scores for the aforementioned periods are 4.78 ± 0.89, 5.09 ± 1.05 and 4.82 ± 0.99. The total scores of players and coaches is 5.20 ± 1.85 and 4.96 ± 1 respectively. Moreover, there is no statistically significant difference between the rate of perceived exertion between players and coaches for the whole season (p = 0.288).There is a decreased injury rate in young professional athletes group when the Borg CR10 scale of perceived exertion is measured in a season with the use of this scale compared to a season where the Borg CR 10 scale was not used (p = 0,028).Conclusion: the Borg СR10 scale is a useful methodology for assessing the level of perceived exertion of a young athlete and can be used for early training corrections in order to reduce injuries.

The study investigated the association between body composition and non-contact muscle injury risk in elite soccer players. Thirty-three elite male outfield players from one Russian Premier League club were monitored across three seasons (2021/22-2023/24). Anthropometry (body-fat %, muscle-mass %, sum of 8 skinfolds, body mass, body mass index) was performed at six standardized time points per season by anthropometrist with The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry certificate. Non-contact muscle injuries were recorded to International Olympic Committee standards. Time-varying Andersen-Gill Cox models were fit on counting-process intervals with multiple imputation and player-clustered inference; covariates included age, position, seasonal period, exposure minutes, body-fat %, and fat-adjusted muscle residuals. Discrimination was summarized by Harrell's C-index. A total of 54 non-contact muscle injuries were observed in 23 players. Across endpoints, no covariate reached p < 0.05. The body-fat % effect (per 1%-point) was directionally positive for Minimal/Mild injuries (HR = 1.61; 95% CI 0.88-2.93), and closer to null for All (HR = 1.15; 95% CI 0.66-2.01) and Moderate/Severe (HR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.18-2.12). Discrimination was moderate: C-index 0.686 (All), 0.692 (Minimal/Mild), 0.789 (Moderate/Severe). In this cohort of elite soccer players, a higher body fat percentage demonstrated an associational signal with the hazard of minimal and mild muscle injuries, whereas no association was observed for moderate or severe events. Given the observational study design and the potential for residual confounding, these findings should be interpreted as associative rather than causal.