Synthetic pyrethroids are a group of insecticides frequently used in public health and agriculture, and 3-PBA is a common metabolite of them. Although the liver is the primary organ responsible for metabolizing many compounds including pesticides, to the authors’ knowledge there have been no studies on the direct hepatotoxic effects of 3-PBA. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible hepatotoxic effects of 3-PBA on a Human Hepatoma Cell Line (HepG2) and the underlying apoptotic mechanisms. Firstly, an LC₅₀ of 1041.242 µM was calculated for 3-PBA by using the WST-1 test with concentrations ranging between 1 µM and 10 mM. Following that, the HepG2 cells in the experimental group were exposed to 3 different concentrations of 3-PBA (1/5 LC₅₀, 1/10 LC₅₀ and 1/20 LC₅₀) for 24 hours. The apoptotic mechanism was evaluated by using flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence assays for Caspase 3 and Bcl-2. In the flow cytometry assay, the total number of apoptotic cells increased in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). In the immunofluorescence assay, the Caspase 3 protein showed strong immunoreactivity in the experimental groups, while the reaction to the Bcl-2 protein was minimal. These results demonstrated that 3-PBA has a significant hepatotoxic effect on HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis via the regulation of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Furthermore, our results could further the understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of 3-PBA hepatotoxicity. More studies are needed to determine the effects of long-term exposure to 3-PBA and also the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity.

Background: Essential oils exhibit several biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, proliferative, and anti-inflammatory. This study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial effects and cytotoxic activities of niaouli, palmarosa, and clove essential oils. Methods: Content analyses of these essential oils were carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was screened against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. aeruginosa PAO1, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and 44 isolates (22 P. aeruginosa isolates, 4 S. aureus isolates, and 18 Staphylococcus spp. isolates) obtained from dogs with previous wound infections who were included in the current study. The antimicrobial effects of essential oils were investigated using disk diffusion and minimum inhibition/bactericidal concentration methods. Additionally, the antibiofilm, protease, elastase, and gelatinase activities of the essential oils were evaluated. Different concentrations of each essential oil ranging from 10 to 1000 µg/mL were also analyzed in terms of cell viability by WST-8 assay in primary canine fibroblast cells. Results: The fibroblast cell viabilities of palmarosa, niaouli, and clove oils at a 1000 µg/mL concentration were 75.4%, 96.39%, and 75.34%, respectively. All the EOs were found to have bactericidal effects with MBCs/MICs of 0.015 to 0.5 µL/mL against P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus isolates (p < 0.001). Palmarosa was found to have the largest inhibition zone diameter (20.5 ± 6.6, 16.4 ± 2.3) compared to other essential oils in the disk diffusion test against Staphylococcus spp. and P. aeruginosa (p < 0.001). But none of the EOs reduced protease, elastase, and gelatinase activities, which are some of the virulence properties of the tested bacteria. Conclusions: These results showed that palmarosa, niaouli, and clove essential oils act as potential antibacterial agents for dogs against P. aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Staphylococcus spp., without damaging the skin.

Aim to study: This study aimed to determine the presence of microplastics in tissues and organs of quails (Coturnix coturnix) and to evaluate the potential risks of microplastic contamination in terms of human consumption and environmental impacts. Materials and Methods: Organ and tissue samples were analyzed from five laying quails that had died naturally. Samples were treated with 10% KOH and filtered in a laminar flow cabinet. Microplastics were identified using light microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Microplastics in filament, fragment, and film forms were detected in quail tissues and digestive system contents. Polyethylene and polyvinyl stearate polymers were the most common types of microplastics. The highest microplastic density was found in intestinal contents. The presence of microplastics in edible tissues (breast and leg meat) was identified, posing potential risks for human consumption. Conclusion: The presence of microplastics in quail meat and tissues poses potential risks for human consumption and highlights the prevalence of environmental pollution.

Background: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent environmental contaminants that can accumulate in animal‐derived foods and pose potential risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the presence, concentration, and potential health risks of selected OCP residues in raw goat milk collected from dairy farms in Kastamonu, Türkiye. Methods: Raw goat milk samples were collected from 20 goat farms located in urban and rural areas of Kastamonu province. A total of 23 OCP compounds were screened using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Detected residues were compared with established maximum residue limits (MRLs), and potential non‐carcinogenic health risks were assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values. Results: Among the analyzed compounds, β‐endosulfan, methoxychlor, and p,p'‐DDE were detected in the samples. Methoxychlor was the most frequently detected compound, present in 70% of the samples, with concentrations exceeding the MRL in 13 of the 14 positive samples. β‐Endosulfan and p,p'‐DDE were detected in four samples each but remained below their respective MRLs. A statistically significant difference between urban and rural farms was observed only for β‐endosulfan ( p = 0.015). Health risk assessment indicated that HQ values for β‐endosulfan (0.0031), methoxychlor (0.0159), and p,p'‐DDE (5.29 × 10 ^{− 5} ) were all below the acceptable risk threshold (HQ < 1), with a total HI of approximately 0.019. Conclusion: Although OCP residues were detected, the estimated exposure levels suggest no significant non‐carcinogenic health risk for consumers. However, the detection of banned pesticides highlights their environmental persistence and emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and environmental surveillance.

Microplastic (MPs) pollution in aquatic environments has raised global concerns regarding its hazards to the biota. Few studies have assessed MPs in farmed trout reared in inland waters. This study evaluated MPs in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of trout, considering feed and water as potential exposure sources. We assessed the prevalence, burden, color, length, and polymer type of MPs in the GIT of 100 trout (n = 20 per location), as well as in feed and water samples from five locations in Kastamonu, Türkiye. The mean MPs abundance in trout GIT contents ranged from 1.15 ± 0.36 to 3.05 ± 1.57 MPs fish⁻¹ (p

Pestisitler tarımsal mücadele, veteriner hekimlik ve halk sağlığı alanında zararlılara karşı kullanılan kimyasal maddelerdir. Pestisitler haşere mücadelesinde, ürün verimliliğinin artmasında ve vektör kaynaklı hastalıkların önlenmesinde kullanılmasına rağmen aşırı ve bilinçsiz kullanımı hayvan ve insan sağlığı üzerinde ciddi toksik etkilere yol açabilir. İnsan ve hayvanlar pestisit kalıntılarını içeren gıda, yem, su, hava ve toprakla dolaylı olarak maruz kalabilirler. Ayrıca ektoparazit mücadelesinde kullanılan pestisitlerin insanlara ve hayvanlara uygulanması yoluyla doğrudan maruziyet de söz konusudur. Pestisit ve/veya metabolitlerinin kalıntılarına sebze, meyve ve tahıllar ile et, süt, yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünler rastlanabilmektedir. İnsan ve hayvanlardan alınan kan, idrar, dışkı gibi biyolojik örnekler ile su, sediment, toprak gibi çevresel örneklerde de pestisit ve metabolitlerinin varlığı gösterilmiştir. Pestisit kullanımı ve buna bağlı olarak sağlık üzerine zararlı etkilerini azaltmak için öncelikli olarak kimyasal pestisitlerin kullanımı mümkün olduğunca azaltılmalı, İyi Tarım Uygulamaları ve Entegre Haşere Yönetimi uygulamalarıyla en aza indirilmelidir. Bunların yerine biyolojik kontrol, biyopestisitler, semiokimyasallar ve transgenik ürünler gibi doğal ve çevre dostu alternatif yöntemler tercih edilmelidir. Pestisitlerin zararlarıyla ilgili toplumsal farkındalık artırılmalıdır. Pestisit uygulaması yapan kişiler bilinçlendirilmeli uygulayıcılara sertifikalı kurslar zorunlu hale getirilmelidir. Resmi Otoritelerce denetim ve kontrollerin sıklığı artırılmalıdır. İnsan-hayvan-çevre sağlığı bir bütün olarak ele alınmalı, ilgili tüm meslek grupları konuya Tek Sağlık bilinciyle yaklaşmalıdır.