Stress, encompassing psychological, physical, and physiological challenges, is an important factor affecting an individual's well-being and potentially leading to psychiatric, neurodegenerative, immune, and metabolic disorders. However, not everyone exposed to stress develops these conditions, highlighting the concept of resilience. Resilience is a dynamic process categorized into four dimensions: pre-existing resilience capacity, ongoing resilience processes, post-stress resilience outcomes, and recovery from psychopathologies. These dimensions involve genomic, cellular, and systemic interactions influenced by genetic factors, early life experiences, adult life experiences in addition to community/environmental factors, and health behaviors. The biological response to stress encompasses endocrine, autonomic, immunological, and behavioral components, modulated by stressor characteristics and individual traits. Due to the limitations in studying stress and resilience in humans, translational models using rodents and cell cultures are essential. Rodent models include acute, chronic, and traumatic stress paradigms, aiding the study of stress-related behavioral and molecular outcomes. Additionally, early life stress models, such as prenatal stress and maternal separation, provide insights into developmental impacts. In this review, first, rodent models for lifelong stress exposure will be summarized considering their validity, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, an overview of models designed to enhance resilience capacity and process in rodents, and later the behavioral models employed to study the outcomes of resilience will be given. Lastly, the focus will be shifted to cell culture and iPSCs models. Finally, future considerations focused on improving translational models used to study stress and resilience will be discussed. It is aimed to provide an overview of designs for translational stress and resilience models to access more effective translational biomarkers associated with stress and resilience. Stress and resilience are complex phenomena influenced by various factors, spanning molecular to behavioral levels. Integrating data across dimensions remains crucial for unraveling the complexities of stress-related disorders and resilience.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of autism, emotional and behavioral problems of autistic children, internalized stigma, depressive symptoms, and primary caregiver parental stress. Specifically, we explored the mediating role of internal stigmatization and total difficulties of individuals with autism on parenting stress and depressive symptoms of the primary caregiver. Method: Mothers of 93 children with autism were included in the study. The mothers were given the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), the Autism Behavior Checklist, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Strength, and Difficulties Questionnaire -Parent Form (SDQ-P). Results: As a result of our study, the emotional and behavioral problems of the child and the internalized stigmatization felt by the parent played a mediator role in the relationship between the child’s autism severity and the parent’s stress and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings highlight that internalized stigmatization and behavioral characteristics of individuals with autism are among the most critical problems for their primary caregivers. These results have important implications for the development of interventions aimed at reducing the internalized stigma experienced by primary caregivers of individuals with autism and for improving their mental health outcomes.

Self-report scales dominate adolescent mental-health assessment but depend on symptom recognition and disclosure. Participant-generated language offers a complementary window on affective processes, yet most evidence comes from adult, English-language, community, or social-media data, leaving clinically referred adolescents and structurally different languages such as Turkish understudied. Sentence-completion tasks are clinically familiar but interpreted qualitatively, yielding no quantitative index. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, 445 clinically referred adolescents (aged 10–18 years; 55.1% girls) from three Turkish child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinics completed a 24-item sentence-completion task, the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Completions were analyzed with a Turkish Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary at whole-response and thematic levels. Because anger and sadness words are nested within the broader negative-emotion category, negative-emotion language was separated into anger, sadness, and other negative emotion, so that each coefficient referred lexical items. Partial correlations and hierarchical regressions related these components, positive-emotion language, and first-person singular reference to symptom severity, controlling for age, sex, word count, and study site, with false-discovery-rate correction. Negative-emotion language was positively associated with depressive symptoms, total difficulties, emotional symptoms, and conduct problems ( r = 0.25 to 0.35), whereas positive-emotion language showed inverse associations. After decomposition, the affective-language block explained 8.1–13.3% of incremental variance, and anger and sadness each contributed beyond general negative tone. The anger coefficient exceeded the sadness coefficient in the conduct-problems model but not in the depressive or emotional-symptoms models. First-person singular reference, which included Turkish verbal morphology and tracked referential context, was unrelated to symptom severity, and no cognitive-process, third-person, or social-content category yielded a detectable association in exploratory screening. The negative-emotion–depression association was of comparable magnitude at all three sites, and the findings persisted after diagnostic adjustment and without the minimum word-count criterion. Affective language in brief Turkish sentence-completion responses therefore tracked dimensional symptom burden, while the absence of a first-person effect under a morphology-informed operationalization underscores the need for cross-linguistically valid measures of self-reference. Automated analysis offers a way of rendering a clinically familiar task quantifiable, as a complementary research measure rather than a standalone diagnostic tool.