A cardiac lesion detected at ultrasonography might turn out to be a normal structure, a benign tumor or rarely a malignancy, and lesion characterization is very important to appropriately manage the lesion itself. The exact relationship of the mass with coronary arteries and the knowledge of possible concomitant coronary artery disease are necessary preoperative information. Moreover, the increasingly performed coronary CT angiography to evaluate non-invasively coronary artery disease leads to a rising number of incidental findings. Therefore, CT and MRI are frequently performed imaging modalities when echocardiography is deemed insufficient to evaluate a lesion. A brief comprehensive overview about diagnostic radiological imaging and the clinical background of cardiac masses and pseudomasses is reported.

Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) are a clinical-radiological spectrum of disorders secondary to several etiopathogeneses. Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum are typically associated with mild clinical symptoms including fever, headache, confusion, and altered mental status. We present a case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman who developed a reversible lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum associated with small round-shaped white matter hyperintensities after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Magnetic resonance imaging is fundamental for diagnosis and no treatment is generally required.

Currently, several pathologies have corresponding and specific diagnostic and therapeutic branches of interest focused on early and correct detection, as well as the best therapeutic approach. Radiology never ceases to develop newer technologies in order to give patients a clear, safe, early, and precise diagnosis; furthermore, in the last few years diagnostic imaging panoramas have been extended to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. On the other hand, clinical and laboratory tests, like flow cytometry and the techniques found in the “omics” sciences, aim to detect microscopic elements, like extracellular vesicles, with the highest specificity and sensibility for disease detection. If these scientific branches started to cooperate, playing a conjugated role in pathology diagnosis, what could be the results? Our review seeks to give a quick overview of recent state of the art research which investigates correlations between extracellular vesicles and the known radiological features useful for diagnosis.

The left atrial auricle (LAA) is the main source of intracardiac thrombi, which contribute significantly to the total number of stroke cases. It is also considered a major site of origin for atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing ablation procedures. The LAA is known to have a high degree of morphological variability, with shape and structure identified as important contributors to thrombus formation. A detailed understanding of LAA form, dimension, and function is crucial for radiologists, cardiologists, and cardiac surgeons.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is an uncommon congenital condition, resulting in vascular malformations affecting capillary, venous, and lymphatic systems and bone and/or soft tissue hy-pertrophy. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) may be useful in assessing the severity of the disease and for treatment planning. We present two cases of two white men with the typical clinical presentation of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome i.e. vascular malformations (capillary, venous and lymphatic) and localized bone and/or soft tissues hypertrophy. Splenic hemangiomas were evidenced in both patients and MRA was helpful in assessing and delineating the abnormal venous drainage system. KTS is a complex disorder whose true prevalence and etiology are still unknown. In most cases the emblematic clinical manifestation consisting in vascular malformations and extremity overgrowth is represented. KTS may be associated with several different conditions including scoliosis and splenic hemangiomas. The presence of the lateral marginal vein (LMV) is pathognomonic. Imaging is fundamental in confirming the diagnosis and for therapeutic strategies. An effective treatment does not exist to date and a multidisciplinary approach is usually required to prevent complications.