Background: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a treatment method that can be used to provide euthyroidism before permanent treatment in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis, in cases of thyroid storm and in cases where antithyroid drug (ATD) cannot be used due to side effects or ineffectiveness. This study presented our results and experience on TPE in thyrotoxic patients. Material and Methods: The data of 10 patients who underwent plasmapheresis for thyrotoxicosis in Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Endocrinology Clinic were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the literature. Results: Ten patients, 6 female and 4 male, were included. The cause of hyperthyroidism was Graves’ disease in 8 patients and toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) in 2 patients. It was observed that the reason for applying plasmapheresis in the patients was primarily due to toxic hepatitis. The mean number of plasmapheresis required to maintain euthyroidism was 4 (1-8). While no difference was found between the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) results before and after TPE, free T4 (fT4) and free T3 (fT3) values were statistically significantly lower after TPE. It was observed that the leukocytes were considerably higher after TPE and the sodium and calcium values were markedly lower after TPE in the patients. After TPE, 7 patients underwent total thyroidectomy, 1 patient received radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, and 2 were discharged with ATD treatment. Conclusions: TPE is an effective and safe treatment option that can be applied in cases where it is necessary to provide rapid euthyroidism before permanent treatments or non-thyroid surgical procedures or to treat life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. It requires experience in application and follow-up and provides rapid euthyroidism when performed in experienced centres.

Introduction Insulinomas constituting the most common cause of endogenous hyperinsulinism-related hypoglycemia are neuroendocrine tumors originating from pancreatic beta cells. They are generally benign and solitary lesions. Although most cases are sporadic, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1-related patients are also present. Material and Method Thirteen patients followed up in Bursa Uludağ University Medical Faculty Endocrinology and Metabolic diseases clinic between the years 2012 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Demographical, clinical, biochemical, radiological and histopathological data of the patients were assessed. Results Eight of the patients were females, and five were males with an average age of 43±14.9 years. Ten of the patients had sporadic, and three had MEN1 syndrome-related insulinoma. During the prolonged fasting test, the patients had a mean lowest plasma glucose level of 36.4 ± 6.2 mg/dl with a simultaneous mean insulin level of 11.3 (4.4 - 214.1) mIU/L and c-peptide level of 2.8 (0.46-12.8) mcg/L. In preoperative localization studies, a lesion was detected in 11 out of 13 (84.6%) patients with upper abdominal computed tomography (CT) and 6 out of 10 patients (60%) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Six patients had grade 1, and 7 patients had grade 2 neuroendocrine tumor. The whole group's mean lesion diameter was 15 (11-48) mm. The mean patient follow-up duration was 30.5 ± 23 months. Hypoglycemia recurred in none of the patients in the postoperative period, and only two patients (15.4%) developed postoperative diabetes mellitus (DM). Conclusion Preoperative localization rates in insulinomas increased due to non-invasive imaging methods and technological developments in recent years. This will probably cause earlier diagnosis and treatment, and pancreas preserving surgery option will be more available in most insulinoma cases.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of bisphosphonates and denosumab on sarcopenia-related parameters, contributing to a better understanding of osteosarcopenia management. Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study assessed physical performance, muscle strength, muscle mass, and sarcopenia category in postmenopausal women aged 65 to 80 years with osteoporosis who were receiving either bisphosphonates or denosumab. Additional groups consisted of untreated osteoporotic patients and controls without osteoporosis (n = 50 per group). Muscle mass was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the classification of sarcopenia was assessed according to the EWGSOP2 criteria. Results: Among the osteoporotic groups, the 4 m walking speed, 5-chair stand test, and timed up-and-go performance did not differ significantly, although denosumab-treated patients had numerically shorter completion times. Nondominant handgrip strength was the only grip parameter showing a significant between-group difference (p = 0.026), mainly due to higher values in denosumab-treated patients than in untreated osteoporotic patients; dominant and maximum handgrip strength were comparable. Skeletal muscle mass was higher in the denosumab group than in both the bisphosphonate-treated and untreated osteoporosis groups (p = 0.045), whereas ALM, ASM, and the ASMI did not differ significantly. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed in SARC-F scores or sarcopenia classifications. Controls had significantly higher odds of sarcopenia absence compared with untreated osteoporotic patients, and treatment duration was not correlated with sarcopenia-related parameters. Conclusions: These findings suggest a favorable but limited association between denosumab treatment and selected muscle-related parameters. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether anti-osteoporotic therapies influence osteosarcopenia.

Summary: We assessed bone health in over 2500 adults with diabetes across Türkiye. T1DM patients had lower BMD, while T2DM patients showed higher fracture risk despite higher BMD. Several modifiable factors were linked to osteoporosis. These findings support personalized bone assessments in diabetic populations. Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a recognized risk factor for bone fragility. While type 1 DM (T1DM) is typically associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), type 2 DM (T2DM) often presents with higher BMD despite increased fracture risk. Large-scale comparative studies remain limited. Objective: To evaluate bone health, including osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture risk, in adults with T1DM and T2DM. Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 2562 patients (224 with T1DM, 2338 with T2DM) from 27 centers across Türkiye. BMD was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fracture risk was estimated via the Turkish-adapted FRAX® algorithm in patients aged ≥ 40 years. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of low BMD. Results: Osteoporosis prevalence was 5.5% in T1DM and 9.6% in T2DM (femoral neck T-score). Adjusted BMD was significantly lower in T1DM at all skeletal sites, while FRAX-based fracture risk and fall-related fractures were higher in T2DM. Independent predictors of osteoporosis included older age, female sex, lower BMI, reduced calcium levels, corticosteroid use, albuminuria, hypertension, and less frequent sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use. T1DM was independently associated with osteopenia but not osteoporosis. Conclusion: This multicenter study demonstrates distinct patterns of BMD and fracture risk across diabetes subtypes and supports individualized bone health assessment in routine diabetes care.