Background: Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral disease. Increasing cases in West Africa suggest potential undetected circulation in Nigeria. Methods: A One Health Joint Risk Assessment was conducted to identify transmission pathways and assess the likelihood and impact of human CCHF infections at the human–animal–environment interface in Nigeria. Risk framing involved developing structured questions for potential Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) transmission scenarios. A scoping review was conducted and median seroprevalence values were reported. The likelihood, impact and data uncertainty for human infection scenarios were used for a qualitative estimation of risk. Results: Human contact with infected livestock during farming, veterinary practices and exposure to ticks was identified as a key infection route. Most cases in Nigeria (66.7%) were identified via serology, with a median human seroprevalence of 6.1% and cattle seroprevalence of 30.2%. CCHFV has been isolated from Rhipicephalus ticks. Four risk assessment questions were defined and focused on veterinarians, abattoir workers, herders, wildlife rangers and healthcare workers. Animal-related professions had a moderate likelihood of infection. Conclusion: Strengthening One Health surveillance, vector control and multisector infection prevention is crucial to reducing the risk of CCHF and averting future outbreaks.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic mosquito borne arbovirus that causes encephalitis in horses and human. It is a pathogen of public health importance globally. Data on WNV epizootics in Nigeria is limited, necessitating seroprevalence studies in animals. In this study, 118 sera from Polo horses and 66 archival sera from 31 horses, 10 chicken, 15 rabbits and 10 dogs in Northern and South-Western Nigeria were screened for WNV using West Nile multi-species competitive ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of WNV was 78.26% (n=144). In horses, 93.28% (n=139) of the 149 horse sera were positive, all the 10 chicken samples tested were negative to WNV, only 1 (6.67%) of the 15 rabbits sera tested positive and 4(40%) of 10 dog sera tested was positive. The lack of sero-reactivity in domestic chickens in this study does not suggest a low incidence rate in wild birds that are known reservoirs. Sero-reactivity in rabbits and dogs indicates their exposure and susceptibility to WNV and therefore requires further investigation. The high sero-reactivity recorded in horses reiterates the important role they play in WNV epizootics which underscores the public health risk associated with WNV at the human-animal interface in Nigeria.

Historically, mpox was thought to be a geographically constrained ‘disease of poverty,’ leading to decades of neglect by global health actors. Waning population immunity from the cessation of smallpox vaccination and prolonged scientific neglect created conditions that enabled the monkeypox virus (MPXV) to adapt cryptically. This ultimately contributed to the emergence of unprecedented global public health crises. This review aims to systematically trace the history, epidemiology, genomic evolution, and reservoir ecology of mpox in West Africa from 1970 to 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines, 110 articles met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized to map the virus’s trajectory. For nearly four decades, an “Era of Silence” (1970–2016) masked the silent enzootic circulation of MPXV within West African wildlife, primarily rodents and small mammals. This epidemiological quiescence ended with the 2017 re-emergence in Nigeria, which signaled a fundamental paradigm shift. The disease profile transitioned from sporadic, rural paediatric infections to sustained, urban and secondary transmission among young adult males. This shift was often associated with sexual networks, especially among men who have sex with men, and was characterized by novel clinical presentations, including genital and perianal lesions. Genomic analyses revealed that clade II diverged from clade I approximately 3500 years ago and is uniquely defined by the deletion of virulence factors, such as the complement-binding protein. Importantly, the clade IIb lineage, which triggered the 2022 global outbreak, exhibits accelerated microevolution consistent with APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation. This host-driven mutational signature provides genomic evidence supporting the hypothesis that clade IIb circulated cryptically within human-to-human transmission chains in West Africa as early as 2014. Ecologically, while no definitive reservoir has yet been identified, evidence suggests diverse rodents and an expanding host range. The transformation of mpox from a rare zoonosis to a global threat underscores the severe consequences of delayed intervention, demanding robust, integrated “One Health” surveillance.

Background: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses mutate faster than bacteria and most DNA viruses, yet our understanding of mutation‐induced viral resistance remains limited compared with bacterial resistance. This has resulted in a fragmented global research landscape on antiviral resistance. Aim: This study is aimed at providing a holistic understanding of the global research landscape of antiviral resistance using bibliometric approach and narrative synthesis. Methods: Both PubMed and Scopus database was systematically searched following the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR‐4‐SLR) protocol. Scopus yielded 375 records, whereas PubMed yielded 100 documents, all of which completely overlapped with those retrieved from Scopus. Given this overlap, the final dataset from Scopus ( n = 314) was analyzed using VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, and R to identify publication trends, keyword evolution, author productivity, institutional contributions, and collaborative networks. Additionally, key findings from the Top 20 most cited studies and research on resistance mechanisms were synthesized to highlight research gaps. Results: A total of 314 documents published between 1991 and 2026 (March 23, 2026) across 194 sources were identified, showing a modest annual growth rate of 2%. Research output peaked in 2020, although citation patterns were inconsistent. Keywords were dominated by pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and COVID‐19, indicating a focus on pathogen. Publications were concentrated in a limited number of high‐impact journals (28.03%) and led predominantly by institutions in high‐income countries, especially the United States. Mechanistically, resistance primarily arose from mutations in viral enzymes, with major drivers, including poor adherence, suboptimal dosing, prolonged therapy, misuse of antivirals, and intrinsic viral mutation rates. It is important to note that the mandatory inclusion of One Health–related terms in the search strategy may have excluded relevant antiviral resistance publications that did not explicitly utilize the One Health framework, potentially limiting the comprehensiveness of the retrieved literature. Conclusion: Antiviral resistance research within the One Health framework remains limited, narrowly focused, and geographically concentrated. Broader, interdisciplinary studies and enhanced global research capacity are urgently needed to address existing knowledge gaps and disparities.

Crimean - Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic febrile disease that is highly pathogenic in humans with enzootic cycle between tick vectors and animal hosts. Human infection with CCHFV takes the clinical form of viral haemorrhagic disease, a major health condition but with limited testing in Nigeria. In this study, blood samples were collected from 333 pastoralists’ cattle in North Central Nigeria and 1,470 ticks were picked from the animals. For serology, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed using a double antigen multi species ELISA kit with sensitivity and specificity of 98.9% and 95% respectively at 95% confidence interval to detect IgG antibody to CCHFV in plasma. RT-qPCR virological technique was used to identify viral antigen in ticks that were pooled based on location and genus. Four species of ticks were morphologically identified to parasitize cattle in the sampled location namely; Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) decoloratus (34.6%), Hyalomma truncatum (32.9%), Amblyomma variegatum (24.6%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (8%). The seroprevalence of CCHFV was found to be 67%. In Kaduna state, 85 of 108 plasma samples tested positive (78.7%) while in Plateau state 138 of 225 plasma samples tested positive (61.3%). Of the 41 pools of tick tested for CCHF, one (1) pool of 35 Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) ticks (2.4%) was positive for CCHF virus with qPCR cycle threshold of 31.88. Although Hyalomma spp . is documented to be the main vector of CCHFV, in the present investigation, Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) species was identified to play a role as reservoir of CCHF. The high seroprevalence of CCHF in livestock underscores the public health risk associated with CCHFV at the human-animal interface in Nigeria.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, notifiable emerging arthropod-borne disease with epidemic and zoonotic potential. It poses a significant threat to public health, livestock, and food security in some African countries, including Nigeria. A phlebovirus causes RVF, a large group of RNA viruses of the family Bunyaviridae with potential for international spread and bioterrorism. RVF virus can infect several domestic and wild animals as well as humans. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood or body fluids, animal tissue, infected mosquito bites, etc. In humans, RVF is mostly associated with mild flu-like symptoms, which may develop into severe symptoms including encephalitis, hepatic disease, and hemorrhagic fever, while in animals, it causes high rates of abortion and perinatal mortality. Limited information is available in Nigeria on RVF. To gain a better understanding of the infection in livestock, we screened 368 sera collected at slaughter from cattle (n = 184) and camels (n = 184) at Kano abattoir between May and June 2022 for RVF virus antibodies. The sera were analysed using a commercial ELISA kit. Among the samples examined, female animals constituted the largest at 69.02% (254/368), compared to males at 30.97% (114/368). An overall seropositivity rate of 8.15% (30/368, CI: 5.67-11.29) was recorded. The seropositivity was higher in cattle, 8.69% (16/184, CI: 5.233-13.45), than in camels, 7.60% (14/184, CI: 4.396-12.15). Based on sex, seropositivity was slightly higher in female animals, at 8.27% (21/254, CI: 5.33-12.15), compared to males, at 7.89% (9/114, CI: 3.19-13.99). Our findings revealed that cattle and dromedary camels presented for slaughter in the Kano abattoir, northern Nigeria, have evidence of exposure to RVF virus. This may be a potential risk to humans working at the abattoir and other animal populations. A One-Health investigation is recommended to understand the risk factors, associated vectors, and human exposure to the virus to mitigate the health and socioeconomic threats posed by RVF in the region.