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Asier Los Arcos
University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU . Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain

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Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Sensors
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Ultra-wide band (UWB) based local positioning systems (LPS) are based on devices and a portable antenna set. The optimal installation height of the antennae is crucial to ensure data accuracy. Collective variables are metrics that consider at least two pairs of coordinates, which may lead to lower precision than an individual one. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the influence of antenna height with collective metrics using a UWB (i.e., IMU; WIMU PRO™, RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) based LPS. Data acquisition was carried out in a basketball court measuring 28 × 15 m. Five devices were used; one of which was carried by a healthy and well-trained athlete (age: 38 years, mass: 76.34 kg, height 1.70 m), while each of the remaining four was positioned on a tripod in one of the four corners of the court. Four kinds of variables were extracted: (1) static distances, (2) dynamic distances, (3) static areas and (4) dynamic areas in all antenna installation modes of 0.15, 1.30 and 2.00 m. The results showed that the antenna of 1.30 m provided better accuracy for all measures (% difference range from −0.94 to 1.17%) followed by the antenna of 2.00 m (% difference range from −2.50 to 2.15%), with the antenna of 0.15 m providing the worst accuracy level (% difference range from −1.05 to 3.28%). Overall, the measurements of distance metrics showed greater accuracy than area metrics (distance % difference range from −0.85 to 2.81% and area % difference range from −2.50 to 3.28). In conclusion, the height of the antennae in basketball courts should be similar to the height at which the devices are attached to a player’s upper back. However, as the precision is sensitive to the magnitude of the measure, further studies should assess the effects of the relative height of antennae in team sports with greater playing spaces.

ACS Style

José Pino-Ortega; Asier Arcos; Petrus Gantois; Filipe Clemente; Fabio Nakamura; Markel Rico-González. The Influence of Antenna Height on the Measurement of Collective Variables Using an Ultra-Wide Band Based Local Positioning System in Team Sports. Sensors 2021, 21, 2424 .

AMA Style

José Pino-Ortega, Asier Arcos, Petrus Gantois, Filipe Clemente, Fabio Nakamura, Markel Rico-González. The Influence of Antenna Height on the Measurement of Collective Variables Using an Ultra-Wide Band Based Local Positioning System in Team Sports. Sensors. 2021; 21 (7):2424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Pino-Ortega; Asier Arcos; Petrus Gantois; Filipe Clemente; Fabio Nakamura; Markel Rico-González. 2021. "The Influence of Antenna Height on the Measurement of Collective Variables Using an Ultra-Wide Band Based Local Positioning System in Team Sports." Sensors 21, no. 7: 2424.

Research article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy
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Background and purpose: Historically, sports training methodology, including soccer coaching, has been influenced by the pedagogic tend dominant in each epoch. Of late, the literature has espoused the idea that human learning is individual, nonlinear, and complex. Nonlinear Pedagogy (NLP) takes into account such nonlinearity and complex phenomena and facilitates each person's learning through a methodology of manipulating constraints. This learner–environment-centered approach conducts players and teams to a tactical behavior emerging through playing modified versions of games using a rich range of different constraints, for example the introduction of artificial rules. Despite the attractions of training based on constraints to research, few studies have empirically assessed the effects of these programs from a tactical perspective. The present study applies the NLP pedagogical principles of representativeness and constraints manipulation to provide youth sport academy coaches with empirical evidence of the training effects of modified games on team tactical behavior. Specifically, this study aimed to assess the short-term training effects of modified games introducing artificial rules on team tactical behavior during the team possession game phase in two youth soccer categories. Methods: Thirty-two Spanish male youth soccer players from the under-14 (U14: n = 16; age: 13.0 ± 0.4 years; playing experience: 6 ± 1 years; height: 1.56 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 46.7 ± 5.9 kg) and the under-16 (U16: n = 16; age: 15.9 ± 0.4 years; playing experience: 8 ± 1 years; height: 1.70 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 57.9 ± 8.3 kg) teams of the same club participated in the study. The natural groups were not modified for the study and the participants had some prior experience with modified games. Each team was divided into two groups who played each other during a short-term intervention distributed across four training sessions: control (CON: free play without restrictions) and experimental (EXP: modified games introducing artificial rules). Team tactical behavior was assessed, including the goalkeeper (Gk) and during the team possession game phase, using a local positioning system (LPS) before and after the intervention in an 8-a-side game with the official offside rule. Findings: Linear team tactical behavior change in centroid position, dyads, and total area values barely changed (d = trivial – small [0.01–0.34]) after a short-term intervention of free play and modified games. Team tactical behavior tended toward greater regularity (sample entropy decrease) after artificial rules were introduced in comparison with free play without restrictions. Youth sport academy coaches who opt for organized and regular behavior during the team possession game phase could employ modified games introducing artificial rules to build up repeatable tactical patterns. Conversely, those who prefer being more chaotic and unpredictable in the game could take advantage of free play without restrictions.

ACS Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 2021, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, José Pino-Ortega, Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos. Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2021; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. 2021. "Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior." Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy , no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Rico-González, M, Pino-Ortega, J, Rojas-Valverde, D, and Arcos, AL. Comparing sampling frequencies to measure collective tactical variables during soccer training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2021—The sampling frequency of microsensors that measure the position of the players in team sports is a variable that could affect the accuracy of the measurement. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the sampling frequency on the outcomes of tactical behavior variables during soccer training. Sixteen U16 male soccer players participated in the study. Three tactical variables (change in the geometrical center position [cGCp], mean distance between players [mean-DbP], and total area [TA]) were measured at 4 different sampling frequencies (i.e., 10, 4, 2, and 1 Hz) during a 7+goalkeeper-a-side soccer match by a time motion tracking system using inertial measurement units (IMU; WIMU PRO, RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain). Significant (p < 0.01) and substantial (ES = moderate-large) differences were found in the cGCp values across all sampling frequencies. Several significant (p < 0.05) and substantial (ES = small-moderate) differences were found in the mean-DbP values between 10 data per second and the rest of the sampling frequencies. There were no significant (p > 0.05) and substantial (ES = trivial) differences in the TA values across all sampling frequencies. The sampling frequency affects the outcomes of cGCp and mean-DbP but does not affect the values of TA. The outcomes of the studies that assess collective tactical behavior should be compared with caution if GC-related and distance variables were measured using different sampling frequencies. In addition, it seems that a smaller amount of data could be sufficient to measure area variables with greater magnitudes.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. Comparing Sampling Frequencies to Measure Collective Tactical Variables During Soccer Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, José Pino-Ortega, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Asier Los Arcos. Comparing Sampling Frequencies to Measure Collective Tactical Variables During Soccer Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. 2021. "Comparing Sampling Frequencies to Measure Collective Tactical Variables During Soccer Training." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Publish Ah, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 30 January 2021 in Journal of Human Kinetics
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The aim of the review was to identify the spatial tactical variables used to assess the use of space in team sports using positional data. In addition, we examined computational methods, performed a critical assessment and suggested future considerations. We considered four electronic databases. A total of 3973 documents were initially retrieved and only 15 articles suggested original spatial variables or different computation methods. Spatial team sport tactical variables can be classified into 3 principal types: occupied space, total field coverage by several players; exploration space, the mean location (±standard deviations in X- and Y-directions) of the player/team during the entire game; and dominant/influence space, the region the players can reach before any other players. Most of the studies, i.e., 55%, did not include goalkeepers (GKs) and total playing space to assess occupied space, however, several proposed new variables that considered that all playing space could be “played” (i.e. effective free-space, normalized surface area). Only a collective exploration space variable has been suggested: the major range of the geometrical centre (GC). This suggestion could be applied to assess collective exploration space variables at a sub-system level. The measurement of the dominant/influence space has been based on the Voronoi region (i.e. distance d criteria), but several studies also based their computation on the time (t). In addition, several weighted dominant areas have been suggested. In conclusion, the use of spatial collective tactical variables considering the principal structural traits of each team sport (e.g. players of both teams, the location of the space with respect to the goal, and the total playing space) is recommended.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino Ortega; Fabio Yuzo Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; Asier Los Arcos. Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Spatial Tactical Variables to Assess the Use of Space in Team Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics 2021, 77, 205 -221.

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, José Pino Ortega, Fabio Yuzo Nakamura, Felipe Arruda Moura, Asier Los Arcos. Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Spatial Tactical Variables to Assess the Use of Space in Team Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2021; 77 (1):205-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino Ortega; Fabio Yuzo Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; Asier Los Arcos. 2021. "Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Spatial Tactical Variables to Assess the Use of Space in Team Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1: 205-221.

Review
Published: 01 January 2021 in Biology of Sport
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Although many studies on collective tactical behaviour have been published in the last decade, no study has revised and summarized the findings provided for futsal. The main aim of this systematic review was to identify and discuss the geometrical centre (GC), distance and area tactical variables used to assess team behaviour in futsal. In addition, it summarizes the findings on the tactical response during futsal competition and training. A systematic review of the relevant articles provided on futsal was carried out using seven electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, Cochrane Plus, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science) until September 25, 2019. From a total of 1,209 studies initially found, 12 were included in the qualitative synthesis. There were some trends in the analysis of positional data in futsal with the most relevant situations analysed being 1 vs 1 and 5 vs 4+Goalkeeper. The distances and angles between two points were the most assessed tactical variables. Five types of distance variables were used to assess collective tactical behaviour in futsal: GC-GC, GC-player, player-player, player-ball and player-space. Pressure (GC-GC) was greater in shots on goal than in tackles during professional futsal matches. Area variables were reduced to occupied space, exploration space and dominant area. Occupied space was measured only during competition while the dominant area was measured only during training sessions. The surface area and dominant regions were greater when players were attacking in comparison to when they were defending. In addition, two non-linear techniques (i.e. relative phase and entropy) were applied to analyse synchronisation and complexity and regularity or predictability. Defenders were highly synchronous, while attackers tried to break this coordination to achieve possibilities for action. Task constraints are suitable to induce different regularity patterns. This review is an opportunity to develop studies aimed at bridging the gap in collective tactical behaviour in futsal.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Filipe Clemente; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. A systematic review of collective tactical behavior in futsal using positional data. Biology of Sport 2021, 38, 23 -36.

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, José Pino-Ortega, Filipe Clemente, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Asier Los Arcos. A systematic review of collective tactical behavior in futsal using positional data. Biology of Sport. 2021; 38 (1):23-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Filipe Clemente; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. 2021. "A systematic review of collective tactical behavior in futsal using positional data." Biology of Sport 38, no. 1: 23-36.

Research article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Research in Sports Medicine
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This study analyses the differential perceived match load accumulated by professional soccer players depending on their: (a) participation in several consecutive official matches within the same week (Pre_Cup, Cup, and Post_Cup), and (b) total match participation time (i.e. 90 min, 70–90 min and < 70 min). Participants were 21 Spanish Second Division professional soccer players (M age = 27.1, SD = 3.3 years; M body height = 182.1, SD = 3.9 cm; M body mass = 75.8, SD = 5.14 kg). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in dRPE-ML among Pre_Cup, Cup and Post_Cup matches or in dRPE-ML between teams that took part in two or three official matches within the same week or three official matches in 2–4 consecutive weeks. The results suggest that participating in several matches in the same week does not increase accumulated perceived exertion for professional soccer players.

ACS Style

Unai Azcárate; Asier Los Arcos; Javier Yanci. Variability of professional soccer players’ perceived match load after successive matches. Research in Sports Medicine 2020, 29, 349 -363.

AMA Style

Unai Azcárate, Asier Los Arcos, Javier Yanci. Variability of professional soccer players’ perceived match load after successive matches. Research in Sports Medicine. 2020; 29 (4):349-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Unai Azcárate; Asier Los Arcos; Javier Yanci. 2020. "Variability of professional soccer players’ perceived match load after successive matches." Research in Sports Medicine 29, no. 4: 349-363.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Motor behavior assessment during games could help physical education teachers and team coaches to design effective and efficient motor interventions. This study aimed to assess the variability of the physical and behavioral responses during continued practice of the game tail tag with a ball. Sixteen Spanish youth soccer players from an under-14 team played tail tag, with a ball, during four sessions (5 repetitions of 1 min per session). Physical (i.e., Total Distance (TD) and PlayerLoad (PL)) and behavioral (i.e., Surface Area (SA) and change in the Geometrical Centre position (cGCp)) dimensions were assessed with a local positioning system. The mean of the five series of each session was considered for further statistical analysis. The main finding was that the external load decreased (d = small − large) and the use of space varied during the continued practice of tail tag. Initially, SA increased substantially (d = large) and cGCp decreased slightly (d = small), and then both variables tended to stabilize. This suggests that after several repetitions of the same motor game, physical education teachers and team sports coaches should use this again later, modifying this or proposing new motor games where players respond to these activities that consist in greater uncertainty than to well-known motor games.

ACS Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9731 .

AMA Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, José Pino-Ortega, Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos. Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9731.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
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ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Fabio Y. Nakamura; Patrus Gantois; José Pino-Ortega. A comparison between UWB and GPS devices in the measurement of external load and collective tactical behaviour variables during a professional official match. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2020, 20, 994 -1002.

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos, Fabio Y. Nakamura, Patrus Gantois, José Pino-Ortega. A comparison between UWB and GPS devices in the measurement of external load and collective tactical behaviour variables during a professional official match. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2020; 20 (6):994-1002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Fabio Y. Nakamura; Patrus Gantois; José Pino-Ortega. 2020. "A comparison between UWB and GPS devices in the measurement of external load and collective tactical behaviour variables during a professional official match." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 6: 994-1002.

Review
Published: 29 August 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The use of valid, accurate and reliable systems is decisive for ensuring the data collection and correct interpretation of the values. Several studies have reviewed these aspects on the measurement of movement patterns by high-definition cameras (VID) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) but not by Local Positioning Systems (LPS). Thus, the aim of the review was to summarize the evidence about the validity and reliability of LPS technology to measure movement patterns at human level in outdoor and indoor stadium-scale. The authors systematically searched three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus) to extract studies published before October 21, 2019. A Boolean search phrase was created to include sport (population; 8 keywords), search terms relevant to intervention technology (intervention technology; 6 keywords) and measure outcomes of the technology (outcomes; 7 keywords). From the 62 articles found, 16 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review revealed that the tested LPS systems proved to be valid and accurate in determining the position and estimating distances and speeds, although they were not valid or their accuracy decreased when measuring instantaneous speed, peak accelerations or decelerations or monitoring particular conditions (e.g., changes of direction, turns). Considering the variability levels, the included studies showed that LPS provide a reliable way to measure distance variables and athletes’ average speed.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Filipe M. Clemente; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; José Pino-Ortega. Accuracy and Reliability of Local Positioning Systems for Measuring Sport Movement Patterns in Stadium-Scale: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5994 .

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos, Filipe M. Clemente, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, José Pino-Ortega. Accuracy and Reliability of Local Positioning Systems for Measuring Sport Movement Patterns in Stadium-Scale: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):5994.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Filipe M. Clemente; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; José Pino-Ortega. 2020. "Accuracy and Reliability of Local Positioning Systems for Measuring Sport Movement Patterns in Stadium-Scale: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 5994.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aims of this study were to describe the evolution of the anthropometric profile of soccer players over a decade and to compare the anthropometric profiles of players promoted from an elite reserve team to high-level soccer with those players who were not promoted. We examined the body mass, height, body-mass index, and body fat of 98 players enrolled in the reserve team from 2008 to 2018. The players were classified in terms of (a) the highest competitive level they achieved up to the 2019/2020 season (i.e., Spanish 1st–2nd divisions or semi-professional); (b) the period in which they played their last season on the team; and (c) their playing position. Over time, the height of goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers has increased (effect size = 0.66 ± 1.13) but has decreased in central midfielders (effect size = 0.83). The body fat of defenders has also fallen (effect size = 0.55 ± 0.95). Spanish high-level goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers were taller than their semi-professional player counterparts (effect size = 1.20 ± 1.98). Body fat did not determine promotion from a reserve team to high-level soccer, but height may be an advantage for several playing positions. The assessment of the anthropometric profile and the application of interventions should be designed according to the playing position.

ACS Style

Jon Manuel Vega; Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; Jon Ander Aguinaco; Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5446 .

AMA Style

Jon Manuel Vega, Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, Jon Ander Aguinaco, Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon Manuel Vega; Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; Jon Ander Aguinaco; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5446.

Review
Published: 01 July 2020 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
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The main aim of this work was to review the use of technological tracking methods to assess collective spatial-positioning variables in team sports. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and PICO design for systematic reviews, study identification was performed in four databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science). Articles were selected if they focused on player position and technological tracking methods. After duplicate removal, 2194 articles were identified based on the established search criteria, of which 72 articles were selected and analysed. Semi-automatic optic-based systems, Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and local positioning systems were used in 60%, 33% and 7% of the studies, respectively. All studies that measured tactical variables by local positioning system technology in team sports used local position measurement technology. Optic-based systems were used more often in the early years to analyse collective tactical behaviour during competition. Later, Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems became more frequent to measure behaviour in team sports during the training process. The possibility of using the same system during competition and training will facilitate the assessment of collective tactical behaviour in team sports.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Fabio Y Nakamura; Felipe Moura; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. Past, present, and future of the technological tracking methods to assess tactical variables in team sports: A systematic review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2020, 234, 1 .

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, José Pino-Ortega, Fabio Y Nakamura, Felipe Moura, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Asier Los Arcos. Past, present, and future of the technological tracking methods to assess tactical variables in team sports: A systematic review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 2020; 234 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino-Ortega; Fabio Y Nakamura; Felipe Moura; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Past, present, and future of the technological tracking methods to assess tactical variables in team sports: A systematic review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 234, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in Sensors
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Electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow the measurement of training load (TL) and collective behavior in team sports so that match performance can be optimized. Despite the frequent use of radio-frequency (RF) technology (i.e., global positioning navigation systems (GNSS/global positioning systems (GPS)) and, local position systems (LPS)) and MEMS in sports research, there is no protocol that must be followed, nor are there any set guidelines for evaluating the quality of the data collection process in studies. Thus, this study aims to suggest a survey based on previously used protocols to evaluate the quality of data recorded by RF technology and MEMS in team sports. A quality check sheet was proposed considering 13 general criteria items. Four additional items for GNSS/GPS, eight additional items for LPS, and five items for MEMS were suggested. This information for evaluating the quality of the data collection process should be reported in the methods sections of future studies.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Filipe M. Clemente; José Pino-Ortega. A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports. Sensors 2020, 20, 2271 .

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Filipe M. Clemente, José Pino-Ortega. A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports. Sensors. 2020; 20 (8):2271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Daniel Rojas-Valverde; Filipe M. Clemente; José Pino-Ortega. 2020. "A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports." Sensors 20, no. 8: 2271.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Journal of Human Kinetics
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The aims of the study were: a) to analyze the reproducibility of the Modified Agility Test (MAT) according to two types of displacement (i.e. constrained [MATtop] vs. free [MATfree]), b) to examine the explanatory capacity of anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular performance on the ability to change the direction (CODA), c) to look into the practical consequences of the types of displacement from the perspective of an elite soccer academy. 118 male soccer players (age: 16 (13-25) years old) from the same elite Spanish soccer academy (U13 to senior) were tested twice on two versions of the MAT (MATtop and MATfree), with 48 hours between testing sessions. Moreover, they were tested on linear-sprint performance, over 5 m (S5m) and 15 m (S15m), and the vertical jump (VJ) (countermovement jump with [ACMJ] and without an arm swing [CMJ]). The main findings were: a) the type of displacement did not affect the reliability of the CODA test; b) weight, S15m, ACMJ and CMJ variables explained close to 60% of CODA performance; c) MATtop (i.e. constrained displacement) and MATfree (i.e. free-displacement) CODA tests could show different profiles of development along the age groups; and d) the impact of the task’s constraints was relatively higher in U16 and U17 groups. CODA seems to have a variable meaning depending on the characteristics of the test and the age of the participants.

ACS Style

Asier Los Arcos; José F. Aramendi; Jose I. Emparanza; Carlo Castagna; Javier Yanci; Alejandro Lezáun; Raúl Martínez-Santos. Assessing Change of Direction Ability in a Spanish Elite Soccer Academy. Journal of Human Kinetics 2020, 72, 229 -239.

AMA Style

Asier Los Arcos, José F. Aramendi, Jose I. Emparanza, Carlo Castagna, Javier Yanci, Alejandro Lezáun, Raúl Martínez-Santos. Assessing Change of Direction Ability in a Spanish Elite Soccer Academy. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2020; 72 (1):229-239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asier Los Arcos; José F. Aramendi; Jose I. Emparanza; Carlo Castagna; Javier Yanci; Alejandro Lezáun; Raúl Martínez-Santos. 2020. "Assessing Change of Direction Ability in a Spanish Elite Soccer Academy." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1: 229-239.

Review
Published: 17 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of the study was the identification, computational examination, critical assessment and future considerations of distance variables to assess collective tactical behaviour in team invasion sports by positional data. A total of 3973 documents were initially retrieved. Finally, 72 articles met the inclusion criteria, but only 26 suggested original tactical variables based on the distance variables. The distance variables can be classified into player–player, player–space, player–ball, and Geometrical Centre (GC)–GC /player/space/goal. In addition, several nonlinear techniques have been used to analyse the synchronisation and predictability of the distance variables in team invasion sports. Player–opponent distance is of special interest in those sports in which man-marking is commonly used, and in the micro-structure close to scoring situations in all sports. In addition, player–player distances are used to measure the length and the width of the team and player–GC distance to assess the dispersion of the team. Player–space distances have been measured to assess the distance of the player/team-line to relevant areas of the playing space. Several techniques have been applied to analyse the synchronisation (i.e., Hilbert transformation and cluster analyses) and the complexity and regularity or predictability (i.e., approximate entropies, sample entropy, cross-sample entropy and average mutual information) of the distance variables in team invasion sports, revealing the lack of consensus. Although the distance variables may be interesting tactical variables when considered in isolation, it would be enriching to analyse the relationship among these variables.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino Ortega; Fabio Y. Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; Asier Los Arcos. Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Distance Variables to Assess Collective Tactical Behaviour in Team Invasion Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1952 .

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, José Pino Ortega, Fabio Y. Nakamura, Felipe Arruda Moura, Asier Los Arcos. Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Distance Variables to Assess Collective Tactical Behaviour in Team Invasion Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):1952.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; José Pino Ortega; Fabio Y. Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Distance Variables to Assess Collective Tactical Behaviour in Team Invasion Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1952.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to compare the collective dynamics of three different age-level groups (i.e., U13, U15 and U18) during a 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers small-sided game (SSG). Fifty-four male outfield soccer players aged between 13 and 18 years took part in the study. Team tactical behaviors were assessed by measuring (a) the area occupied by players of each team, (b) the distance between both teams’ centroids, (c) the players’ distance to their own team and d) the stretch index during a 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers SSG format. The main results revealed that larger areas were occupied by the older players (p < 0.001; Effect size (ES) = 0.44–0.25, small). Additionally, the mean distance between teams’ centroids was greater in older groups (p < 0.001; ES = 0.44–0.81, large–small). Finally, the distance between players (p < 0.001; ES = 0.75–0.81, moderate–large) and the stretch index (p < 0.001; ES = 0.44–0.47, small) were also greater in older age categories. The evidence provided in the present study might help coaches identify the influence of age on collective dynamics during SSGs and help them find task conditions that could help to improve the behaviors and positioning of younger players.

ACS Style

Filipe M. Clemente; Daniel Castillo; Asier Los Arcos. Tactical Analysis According to Age-level Groups during a 4 vs. 4 Plus Goalkeepers Small-sided Game. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1667 .

AMA Style

Filipe M. Clemente, Daniel Castillo, Asier Los Arcos. Tactical Analysis According to Age-level Groups during a 4 vs. 4 Plus Goalkeepers Small-sided Game. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (5):1667.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filipe M. Clemente; Daniel Castillo; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Tactical Analysis According to Age-level Groups during a 4 vs. 4 Plus Goalkeepers Small-sided Game." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1667.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Otaegi, A and Los Arcos, A. Quantification of the perceived training load in young female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 559–565, 2020—The purposes of this study were (a) to compare training session, match, and weekly perceived training load (TL) between U15 and U16 female basketball players and (b) within the teams, to assess the relationship between perceived TL and the changes in physical fitness performance during an in-season 9-week period. Twenty-one female players from U15 and U16 female teams from the same Spanish club participated in the study. Before and after the study, players were tested to determine physical fitness performance (using Yo-Yo IR1, countermovement jump, T-Test, and 15 m sprint). Each player declared her perceived exertion (PE) for the whole training session and match using Foster's 0–10 scale. Training week perceived TL was higher for the U16 players than the U15 players; U16 players considered the training and matches to be more difficult. In both teams, the perceived TL of the last training session of the week was significantly lower (Effect sizes = large–very large) than the other sessions. Although substantial negative associations (r = 0.52–0.78) were detected between the changes in physical fitness performance and the accumulated volume, sum of PEs and perceived TL in the U15 players, these associations were unclear in the U16 players. The basketball coaches-periodized training goals are to attain the highest session perceived TLs in the middle of the week and to reduce it considerably in the last training session. The U16 and U15 players accumulated perceived TL in different ways. Although the practice volume was similar in both teams, the older players consider the sessions more difficult. The relationship between the perceived TL and the changes in physical fitness performance varied between teams. Based on our findings, we propose that the PE-based dose-response model should be applied with caution in young female basketball players.

ACS Style

Ander Otaegi; Asier Los Arcos. Quantification of the Perceived Training Load in Young Female Basketball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 559 -565.

AMA Style

Ander Otaegi, Asier Los Arcos. Quantification of the Perceived Training Load in Young Female Basketball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (2):559-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ander Otaegi; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Quantification of the Perceived Training Load in Young Female Basketball Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 2: 559-565.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Journal of Human Kinetics
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The aim of this study was threefold: 1) to assess the configuration of an elite reserve soccer team, 2) to compare physical fitness performance of promoted and new players according to the playing position, and 3) to analyze the level of competitive participation attained by these players. We considered physical fitness tests (5 m and 15 m sprint, countermovement jump [CMJ] and aerobic endurance) performed by 192 players (age = 20.2 ± 2.3 years) enrolled in the reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club from 1994 to 2013. The players were classified according to the previous club criterion (promoted from the soccer academy and new players signed from other clubs), b) their playing position, and c) the competitive level attained until the 2016/2017 season (Spanish 1st and 2nd Divisions and the remaining competition levels). The proportion of promoted and new players was similar (p = 0.47). Overall, no substantial differences (unclear-small) were found in physical fitness performance between promoted and new players. Considering the playing position, promoted lateral defenders (LDs) showed better sprinting (ES = moderate) and CMJ (ES = moderate) performance than new LDs. In addition, promoted central midfielders (CMs) demonstrated better performance in the 5 m sprint and the CMJ (ES = moderate) than new CMs. The percentage of players who later competed in the Spanish 1st and 2nd Divisions was greater in promoted players compared to new players (p = 0.006). Physical fitness performance did not determine the selection of new players in a soccer elite reserve team. We may conclude that soccer academies should prioritize the selection and the training process of youth soccer players.

ACS Style

Asier Los Arcos; Raul Martinez-Santos; Daniel Castillo. Spanish Elite Soccer Reserve Team Configuration and the Impact of Physical Fitness Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics 2020, 71, 211 -218.

AMA Style

Asier Los Arcos, Raul Martinez-Santos, Daniel Castillo. Spanish Elite Soccer Reserve Team Configuration and the Impact of Physical Fitness Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2020; 71 (1):211-218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asier Los Arcos; Raul Martinez-Santos; Daniel Castillo. 2020. "Spanish Elite Soccer Reserve Team Configuration and the Impact of Physical Fitness Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 71, no. 1: 211-218.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to assess the match perceived exertion (PE) declared by starter and non-starter junior elite soccer players, according to the level of the opponents, and by playing at home or away. Nineteen young soccer players who competed in the Spanish U19 League participated in this study. PE was registered during the entire regular season (30 official matches). Players were grouped by match playing time: starters (players who started the game and played at least 45 min) and non-starters (substitute players who participated for less than 45 min). Moreover, the matches were classified according to the opponent level (i.e., high, medium, or low) and the match location (i.e., home or away). Starters who competed against high-level opponents (8.7 ± 0.6) declared higher PE ratings than against medium (8.1 ± 0.7, p < 0.01) and low (8.4 ± 0.7, p < 0.01) level opponents. In addition, starters competing at home declared lower PE ratings than when playing away (8.2 ± 0.8 vs. 8.5 ± 0.6, p < 0.01). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for non-starters. Coaches should consider not only tactical–strategic needs, but also these contextual factors when managing the match playing time of the starter players.

ACS Style

Javier Raya-González; Daniel Castillo; Javier Yanci; Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Perceived Exertion in Elite Soccer Players during Official Matches According to Situational Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 410 .

AMA Style

Javier Raya-González, Daniel Castillo, Javier Yanci, Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Perceived Exertion in Elite Soccer Players during Official Matches According to Situational Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier Raya-González; Daniel Castillo; Javier Yanci; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Assessing the Perceived Exertion in Elite Soccer Players during Official Matches According to Situational Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 410.

Review
Published: 13 September 2019 in Research in Sports Medicine
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The aim of the study was to assess the use of different positioning systems and sampling frequencies to measure spatial-positioning variables in team sports. Articles were selected when the sampling frequency was detailed. 2,194 articles were identified and 59 works were selected for the systematic review. The sampling frequency used to measure tactical behaviour differed considerably among studies. For Global Navigation Satellite System, the sampling frequency ranged from 5- to 15 Hz for raw data, the most commonly used sampling frequency being 5 Hz. For Optic-based tracking systems, the sampling frequency ranged from 10- to 30 Hz. For Local Position System, the sampling frequency ranged from 45- to 100 Hz, the most commonly used sampling frequency being 42 Hz and 57.7 Hz. There is no common criterion in the sampling frequency used to measure each tactical variable. Further studies should investigate the impact of the sampling frequency on the measurement of the tactical variables.

ACS Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Fabio Yuzo Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; José Pino-Ortega. The use of technology and sampling frequency to measure variables of tactical positioning in team sports: a systematic review. Research in Sports Medicine 2019, 28, 279 -292.

AMA Style

Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos, Fabio Yuzo Nakamura, Felipe Arruda Moura, José Pino-Ortega. The use of technology and sampling frequency to measure variables of tactical positioning in team sports: a systematic review. Research in Sports Medicine. 2019; 28 (2):279-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos; Fabio Yuzo Nakamura; Felipe Arruda Moura; José Pino-Ortega. 2019. "The use of technology and sampling frequency to measure variables of tactical positioning in team sports: a systematic review." Research in Sports Medicine 28, no. 2: 279-292.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Los Arcos, A and Martins, J. Physical fitness performance of young professional soccer players does not change during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team: club study, 1996–2013. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2577–2583, 2018—The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in physical fitness performance in young professional soccer players during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team. Physical test values (i.e., vertical jump test, straight line sprint test, and discontinuous and progressive submaximal running test) of 97 young professional soccer players who belonged for at least 2 consecutive seasons to the reserve team of a Spanish professional team from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. A distinction was made between the soccer players who were promoted to the Spanish first/second divisions (n = 38) and those who were not (n = 59) (until the end of the 2016/2017 season). Players were also classified according to their playing positions. Independently of the competitive level reached and the playing position, the variability of the fitness performance was limited (coefficient of variation <6%) and the players did not improve their fitness values (effect size ≤ small) from the first to the last season in which they were enrolled in the team (after 2–4 seasons). During the last stage of training in an elite soccer academy, young professional soccer players achieve a very similar physical fitness performance when their soccer competence is evaluated, and other soccer performance factors are those which make them stand out for selection.

ACS Style

Asier Los Arcos; Javier Martins. Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996–2013. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2018, 32, 2577 -2583.

AMA Style

Asier Los Arcos, Javier Martins. Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996–2013. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018; 32 (9):2577-2583.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asier Los Arcos; Javier Martins. 2018. "Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996–2013." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32, no. 9: 2577-2583.