This study aimed to examine the antidepressant properties of apigenin in an experimental mouse model of chronic mild stress (CMS). Three weeks following CMS, albino mice of either sex were tested for their antidepressant effects using the tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test. The percentage preference for sucrose solution and the amount of time spent immobile in the TST were calculated. The brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase activity, and reduced glutathione levels were checked to determine the antioxidant potential of treatments. When compared to the control, animals treated with apigenin during the CMS periods showed significantly shorter TST immobility times. Apigenin administration raised the percentage preference for sucrose solution in a dose-dependent manner, which put it on par with the widely used antidepressant imipramine. Animals treated with apigenin displayed a significantly (p ˂ 0.05) greater spontaneous locomotor count (281) when compared to the vehicle-treated group (245). Apigenin was also highly effective in significantly (p ˂ 0.01) lowering plasma corticosterone levels (17 vs. 28 µg/mL) and nitrite (19 vs. 33 µg/mL) produced by CMS in comparison to the control group. During CMS, a high dose (50 mg/kg) of apigenin was given, which greatly increased the reduced glutathione level while significantly decreasing the brain’s MDA and catalase activity when compared to the control group. As a result, we infer that high doses of apigenin may have potential antidepressant effects in animal models via various mechanisms.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare disability causing female-oriented pediatric neurodevelopmental unmet medical need. RTT was recognized in 1966. However, over the past 56 years, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has authorized no effective treatment for RTT. Recently, Trofinetide was approved by the USFDA on 10 March 2023 as the first RTT treatment. This article underlines the pharmaceutical advancement, patent literature, and prospects of Trofinetide. The data for this study were gathered from the PubMed database, authentic websites (Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Neuren Pharmaceuticals, and USFDA), and free patent databases. Trofinetide was first disclosed by Neuren Pharmaceuticals in 2000 as a methyl group containing analog of the naturally occurring neuroprotective tripeptide called glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE). The joint efforts of Acadia Pharmaceuticals and Neuren Pharmaceuticals have developed Trofinetide. The mechanism of action of Trofinetide is not yet well established. However, it is supposed to improve neuronal morphology and synaptic functioning. The patent literature revealed a handful of inventions related to Trofinetide, providing excellent and unexplored broad research possibilities with Trofinetide. The development of innovative Trofinetide-based molecules, combinations of Trofinetide, patient-compliant drug formulations, and precise MECP2-mutation-related personalized medicines are foreseeable. Trofinetide is in clinical trials for some neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including treating Fragile X syndrome (FXS). It is expected that Trofinetide may be approved for treating FXS in the future. The USFDA-approval of Trofinetide is one of the important milestones for RTT therapy and is the beginning of a new era for the therapy of RTT, FXS, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), brain injury, stroke, and other NDDs.

The widespread use of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary care, and livestock production has resulted in their frequent detection in diverse environmental and food matrices, making continuous surveillance of antibiotic residues in food products essential for consumer protection. In this study, a sustainable analytical method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with UHPLC–MS/MS was developed for the trace determination of sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, and enrofloxacin in commercial cow milk and chicken eggs. A natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of anisaldehyde and octanoic acid (2:1, molar ratio) was employed as a biodegradable extraction solvent, and key extraction parameters were systematically optimized. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9982), recoveries of 89.5–98.7%, and RSDs ≤ 6.04%. Application to 44 commercial samples from the Saudi market revealed sulfamethoxazole as the most frequently detected antibiotic, occurring in 90% of egg samples (2.17–13.76 µg kg⁻¹) and 70.8% of milk samples (0.26–26.67 µg L⁻¹). A comprehensive evaluation using ten metrics confirmed the method’s greenness, practicality, analytical performance, and innovation. Overall, the proposed NADES–DLLME–UHPLC–MS/MS approach offers a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative for routine monitoring of antibiotic residues in food matrices.

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical and physical fabrication methods. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using aqueous extracts of Achillea arabica leaves and flowers, which served as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. The formation of nanoparticles was initially confirmed by a rapid color change of the reaction mixture and further characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). UV–Vis spectra revealed characteristic surface plasmon resonance peaks at 450 nm for leaf-derived nanoparticles (AgNPsLe) and 490 nm for flower-derived nanoparticles (AgNPsFl), confirming successful nanoparticle formation. XRD analysis indicated the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic (fcc) silver structure, with crystallite sizes ranging from 13–20 nm. SEM micrographs revealed distinct morphological differences, where AgNPsLe predominantly exhibited cubic structures, while AgNPsFl were mainly spherical, suggesting that phytochemical composition influences nanoparticle nucleation and growth orientation. The biological activities of the extracts and synthesized nanoparticles were assessed through antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm assays. The flower extract showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (81.68%), whereas AgNPsLe demonstrated the strongest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) activity with a Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC ₅₀ ) of 0.139 mg mL ^− 1 . Antibacterial evaluation revealed that AgNPsFl exhibited the highest antimicrobial potency with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 37.5–75 μg mL ^− 1 , while AgNPsLe showed MIC values between 75 and 150 μg mL⁻ ¹ . Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation with inhibition rates reaching approximately 64%.These findings highlight the potential of A. arabica -mediated AgNPs as promising bioactive nanomaterials for antimicrobial and biomedical applications, emphasizing the role of plant-derived phytochemicals in controlling nanoparticle morphology and biological activity.

Background/Objectives: The application of green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles is increasingly important in developing sustainable analytical practices for food safety monitoring. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have emerged as green alternatives to conventional organic solvents. This study aimed to develop a sustainable analytical method for determining antibiotic residues in processed meat and frozen poultry products. Methods: A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure based on a NADES composed of anisaldehyde and decanoic acid (3:1, molar ratio) was coupled with UHPLC–MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of macrolides (clarithromycin, erythromycin), sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine), and a fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin) in food samples. Key extraction parameters, including NADES volume, vortex time, centrifugation time, sample amount, and pH, were optimized. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and recovery and applied to real samples from the Saudi market. Results: The method showed excellent analytical performance, with good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9982), recoveries of 84.1–99.4%, and RSDs ≤ 5.75%. The target antibiotics were successfully quantified in processed meat and frozen poultry samples, confirming applicability. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation using eight assessment tools confirmed the method’s environmental sustainability, practicality and innovation. Conclusions: The proposed NADES-based DLLME–UHPLC–MS/MS method is a rapid, sensitive, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional techniques for monitoring antibiotic residues in processed meat and poultry, supporting both food safety and GAC principles.