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The widespread environmental contamination of chlorpyrifos (CP) has raised human health concerns and necessitated cost-effective methods for its remediation. The current study evaluated the degradation behavior of CP in compost and biochar amended and unamended (original and sterilized) soils in an incubation trial. Two levels of CP (100 and 200 mg kg-1), compost and biochar (0.50%) were applied, and soil was collected at different time intervals. At the higher CP level (200 mg kg-1), CP a showed lower degradation rate (ƙ = 0.0102 mg kg-1 d-1) compared with a low CP level (ƙ = 0.0173 mg kg-1 d-1). The half-lives of CP were 40 and 68 days for CP at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 in original soil, respectively, and increased to 94 and 141 days in sterilized soils. CP degradation was accelerated in compost amended soils, while suppressed in biochar amended soils. Lower half lives of 20 and 37 days were observed with compost application at CP 100 and 200 mg kg-1 doses, respectively. The activities of soil enzymes were considerably affected by the CP contamination and significantly recovered in compost and biochar amended soils. In conclusion, the application of organic amendments especially compost is an important strategy for the remediation of CP contaminated soil.
Humera Aziz; Xiukang Wang; Ghulam Murtaza; Ambreen Ashar; Sarfraz Hussain; Muhammad Abid; Behzad Murtaza; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. Evaluation of Compost and Biochar to Mitigate Chlorpyrifos Pollution in Soil and Their Effect on Soil Enzyme Dynamics. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9695 .
AMA StyleHumera Aziz, Xiukang Wang, Ghulam Murtaza, Ambreen Ashar, Sarfraz Hussain, Muhammad Abid, Behzad Murtaza, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Sajid Fiaz, Shafaqat Ali. Evaluation of Compost and Biochar to Mitigate Chlorpyrifos Pollution in Soil and Their Effect on Soil Enzyme Dynamics. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHumera Aziz; Xiukang Wang; Ghulam Murtaza; Ambreen Ashar; Sarfraz Hussain; Muhammad Abid; Behzad Murtaza; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "Evaluation of Compost and Biochar to Mitigate Chlorpyrifos Pollution in Soil and Their Effect on Soil Enzyme Dynamics." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9695.
Sunflower occupies the fourth position among oilseed crops the around the world. Eceriferum (CER) is an important gene family that plays critical role in very-long-chain fatty acids elongation and biosynthesis of epicuticular waxes under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of sunflower CER genes during drought stress condition. Thus, comparative analysis was undertaken for sunflower CER genes with Arabidopsis genome to determine phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal mapping, gene structures, gene ontology and conserved motifs. Furthermore, we subjected the sunflower cultivars under drought stress and used qRT-PCR analysis to explore the expression pattern of CER genes during drought conditions. We identified thirty-seven unevenly distributed CER genes in the sunflower genome. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CER genes were grouped into seven clades in Arabidopsis, Helianthus annuus, and Gossypium hirsutum. Expression analysis showed that genes CER10 and CER60 were upregulated in sunflower during drought conditions, indicating that these genes are activated during drought stress. The results obtained will serve to characterize the CER gene family in sunflower and exploit the role of these genes in wax biosynthesis under limited water conditions.
Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad; Xiukang Wang; Sajid Fiaz; Mahmood- Ur- Rahman; Muhammad Azhar Nadeem; Sher Aslam Khan; Sunny Ahmar; Farrukh Azeem; Tayyaba Shaheen; Freddy Mora-Poblete. Comprehensive genomics and expression analysis of eceriferum (CER) genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleHafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Xiukang Wang, Sajid Fiaz, Mahmood- Ur- Rahman, Muhammad Azhar Nadeem, Sher Aslam Khan, Sunny Ahmar, Farrukh Azeem, Tayyaba Shaheen, Freddy Mora-Poblete. Comprehensive genomics and expression analysis of eceriferum (CER) genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Muhammad Ahmad; Xiukang Wang; Sajid Fiaz; Mahmood- Ur- Rahman; Muhammad Azhar Nadeem; Sher Aslam Khan; Sunny Ahmar; Farrukh Azeem; Tayyaba Shaheen; Freddy Mora-Poblete. 2021. "Comprehensive genomics and expression analysis of eceriferum (CER) genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , no. : 1.
Basmati rice is increasingly recognized and consumed in different parts of the world due to its different tastes and nutritional properties. This research focused on determining the cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) content in locally grown basmati rice in Pakistan and assessing the risks of these values to human health. Root, shoot and grain samples of basmati rice were taken, along with soil samples from the five regions studied. Metal mean concentrations (mg/kg) in grains fluctuated from 2.70 to 9.80 for Cd, 4.80 to 9.85 for Zn, 1.16 to 1.46 for Cu, 1.84 to 10.86 for Co, 2.05 to 13.07 for Fe, 5.03 to 11.11 for Mn and 3.24 to 13.28 for Ni, respectively. All metal values were within permissible limits except for Cd. The enrichment factor for Cd was highest among all sites. Cobalt and zinc had the highest bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor. The highest enrichment factor was noticed for Cd and the lowest for Cu. The health risk index at all examined sites was less than one. Consistent examination is recommended to limit health hazards instigated by the use of rice polluted with a greater concentration of Cd.
Farah Tariq; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Zafar Khan; Kafeel Ahmad; Ifra Saleem Malik; Mudasra Munir; Shehzadi Mahpara; Naunain Mehmood; Tasneem Ahmad; Hafsa Memona; Ilker Ugulu; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8513 .
AMA StyleFarah Tariq, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Saleem, Zafar Khan, Kafeel Ahmad, Ifra Saleem Malik, Mudasra Munir, Shehzadi Mahpara, Naunain Mehmood, Tasneem Ahmad, Hafsa Memona, Ilker Ugulu, Sajid Fiaz, Shafaqat Ali. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarah Tariq; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Zafar Khan; Kafeel Ahmad; Ifra Saleem Malik; Mudasra Munir; Shehzadi Mahpara; Naunain Mehmood; Tasneem Ahmad; Hafsa Memona; Ilker Ugulu; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8513.
The supply of nutrients and proximate matter is insufficient to fulfil the dietary needs of the quickly expanding human population. Green leafy vegetables can prove economical sources of minerals, vitamins and fibers to overcome nutritional deficiencies. Five leafy vegetables (Brassica juncea, Spinacia oleracea, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Chenopodium album and Lactuca sativa) were collected from a horticulture garden and vegetable market for the evaluation of their proximate matter and nutritional composition. Their contents of proximate (moisture, ash, fats, fibers, carbohydrates and protein), minerals (Ca2+, K+ and P+) and anti-nutrients were examined using standard protocols. The contents of fats (0.43 mg g−1f.w.) in S. oleracea; fibers (0.8 mg g−1f.w.) in S. olerace; carbohydrates (0.89 mg g−1f.w.); in B. juncea, proteins (0.91 mg g−1f.w.) in L. sativa; and vitamin A (1.18 mg g−1f.w.) in C. album from the horticulture garden were high enough to meet the daily dietary requirements of adults. Tannins were higher in species collected from the market, which is toxic for human health. It is concluded that vegetables of horticulture garden grown in suitable environmental conditions possess better nutritional composition as compared to vegetables purchased from markets. However, a large-scale research is needed for the analysis of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, anti-nutrients and heavy metals in leafy vegetables. Further research on ethnomedicinal attributes of leafy vegetables is recommended.
Mobeen; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Abida Parveen; Sahar Mumtaz; Amara Hassan; Muhammad Adnan; Sajid Fiaz; Sajjad Ali; Zafar Iqbal Khan; Shafaqat Ali; Ghulam Yasin. Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Leafy Vegetables from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8444 .
AMA StyleMobeen, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Saleem, Abida Parveen, Sahar Mumtaz, Amara Hassan, Muhammad Adnan, Sajid Fiaz, Sajjad Ali, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Shafaqat Ali, Ghulam Yasin. Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Leafy Vegetables from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMobeen; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Abida Parveen; Sahar Mumtaz; Amara Hassan; Muhammad Adnan; Sajid Fiaz; Sajjad Ali; Zafar Iqbal Khan; Shafaqat Ali; Ghulam Yasin. 2021. "Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Leafy Vegetables from Faisalabad, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8444.
Pakistan faces challenges in both food and energy security. Indeed, extensive literature suggests that food and energy security are interdependent. While acknowledging that food security is still a primary concern for Pakistan, energy security is also a major issue. It is crucial to develop sustainable energy sources for energy production. Among sustainable sources, biomass is a promising source that can be effectively used for environmentally friendly energy production. This article addresses the energy issues and potential solutions using crop residues, non-edible energy crops, and animal and municipal solid wastes in Pakistan. The current research challenges, relevant industries, opportunities, and the future share of energy production derived from renewable and sustainable sources are emphasized with a focus on the potential of biomass energy. This article shows that Pakistan has considerable potential to develop bioenergy crops on marginal lands without compromising food security, with considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits. Pakistan has vast biomass resources, including crop residues, animal waste, municipal solid waste, and forest residues, which collectively produce 230 billion tons of biomass annually. There are about 72 million bovines (cows and buffaloes), 81 million tons per year of crop biomass, and about 785 million birds in poultry farms across the country. Land that is currently non-productive could be used for energy crops, and this has the potential to produce 2500–3000 MW of energy. The utilization of waste cooking oil and fats is the most economically feasible option for obtaining biodiesel due to its easy and almost free availability in Pakistan. Systematic management is needed to collect this huge quantity of waste cooking oil and efficiently convert it to biodiesel. Similarly, molasses may be a promising source for bioethanol production. Furthermore, this study suggests that Pakistan’s energy policies need to be amended to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand. In the future, massive energy projects on biomass-based bioenergy need to be implemented in Pakistan. To achieve its bioenergy potential, Pakistan needs to develop incentive-based bioenergy technologies. Moreover, this objective can only be achieved in the country by initiating R&D projects to promote advanced biomass conversion technologies, such as biogas plants and combustion systems.
Athar Mahmood; Xiukang Wang; Ahmad Shahzad; Sajid Fiaz; Habib Ali; Maria Naqve; Muhammad Javaid; Sahar Mumtaz; Mehwish Naseer; Renji Dong. Perspectives on Bioenergy Feedstock Development in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8438 .
AMA StyleAthar Mahmood, Xiukang Wang, Ahmad Shahzad, Sajid Fiaz, Habib Ali, Maria Naqve, Muhammad Javaid, Sahar Mumtaz, Mehwish Naseer, Renji Dong. Perspectives on Bioenergy Feedstock Development in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8438.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthar Mahmood; Xiukang Wang; Ahmad Shahzad; Sajid Fiaz; Habib Ali; Maria Naqve; Muhammad Javaid; Sahar Mumtaz; Mehwish Naseer; Renji Dong. 2021. "Perspectives on Bioenergy Feedstock Development in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8438.
Application of nanotechnology is crucial for a sustainable increase in food production to cope with the increasing food demand of the burgeoning population. Wheat production has to increase significantly for food security in Pakistan with the help of nanotechnology. In biological systems, utilization of nanoparticles has been increased due to their growth-promoting effects on germination, photosynthetic attributes, nutrient use efficiency and metabolic activities. An experiment was conducted with the objective to establish a relationship between growth parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity in response to silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). Application of Ag (20 mg/L) and Au NPs (10 mg/L) significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. Consequently, growth parameters: fresh and dry biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll (a, b) and total chlorophyll contents, also increased significantly. These results suggest that application of Ag and Au NPs has the potential to promote wheat growth through enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.
Abdul Manaf; Xiukang Wang; Fatima Tariq; Hafiz Jhanzab; Yamin Bibi; Ahmad Sher; Abdul Razzaq; Sajid Fiaz; Sikander Tanveer; Abdul Qayyum. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Correlated with Growth Parameters of Wheat Sprayed with Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1494 .
AMA StyleAbdul Manaf, Xiukang Wang, Fatima Tariq, Hafiz Jhanzab, Yamin Bibi, Ahmad Sher, Abdul Razzaq, Sajid Fiaz, Sikander Tanveer, Abdul Qayyum. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Correlated with Growth Parameters of Wheat Sprayed with Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1494.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Manaf; Xiukang Wang; Fatima Tariq; Hafiz Jhanzab; Yamin Bibi; Ahmad Sher; Abdul Razzaq; Sajid Fiaz; Sikander Tanveer; Abdul Qayyum. 2021. "Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Correlated with Growth Parameters of Wheat Sprayed with Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1494.
This study was done to analyze the cryoprotective influence of ovalbumin (OVA) with kappa-carrageenan (KC) in grass carp myofibrillar proteins during frozen storage. Ca2+-ATPase activity of MP was significantly reduced due to protein denaturation and showed a direct association with decreased sulphydryl (SH) contents and tertiary structural properties. Besides that, an increase in carbonyl, surface hydrophobicity, and dityrosine contents was observed. The addition of OVA-KC significantly restricted the decline in Ca2+-ATPase and SH groups, which were further confirmed by the retarded increase in carbonyls. Furthermore, the addition of OVA-KC increased the stability of α-helix contents. Moreover, MP treated with 6% OVA-KC also improved intermolecular interaction forces linked with gelling and water holding properties of MP. Therefore, it can be concluded that OVA-KC could be used as an effective cryoprotectant in fish and related products for preservation and commercialization.
Noman Walayat; Xiukang Wang; Asad Nawaz; Zhongli Zhang; Abdullah Abdullah; Ibrahim Khalifa; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Bilal Sajid Mushtaq; Mirian Pateiro; José M. Lorenzo; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. Ovalbumin and Kappa-Carrageenan Mixture Suppresses the Oxidative and Structural Changes in the Myofibrillar Proteins of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Frozen Storage. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1186 .
AMA StyleNoman Walayat, Xiukang Wang, Asad Nawaz, Zhongli Zhang, Abdullah Abdullah, Ibrahim Khalifa, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Bilal Sajid Mushtaq, Mirian Pateiro, José M. Lorenzo, Sajid Fiaz, Shafaqat Ali. Ovalbumin and Kappa-Carrageenan Mixture Suppresses the Oxidative and Structural Changes in the Myofibrillar Proteins of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Frozen Storage. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (8):1186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoman Walayat; Xiukang Wang; Asad Nawaz; Zhongli Zhang; Abdullah Abdullah; Ibrahim Khalifa; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Bilal Sajid Mushtaq; Mirian Pateiro; José M. Lorenzo; Sajid Fiaz; Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "Ovalbumin and Kappa-Carrageenan Mixture Suppresses the Oxidative and Structural Changes in the Myofibrillar Proteins of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Frozen Storage." Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1186.
Because it is a staple food, sustainable production of wheat is crucial for global food security. Arid and semi-arid regions are worst affected by climate change, which has resulted in poor productivity of different crops, including wheat. To this end, this study aimed to investigate the effect of foliage-applied thiourea on the growth, yield, and nutritional-quality-related traits of bread wheat. The treatments consisted of thiourea levels (control, 500, and 1000 mg L−1) factorally combined with two diverse wheat cultivars (Gandam-1 and Galaxy-2013) at different growth stages (tillering, booting, and heading) and was repeated over two years. The analysis of the data shows that thiourea treatments and the cultivars significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the growth, nutritional quality traits, and morphological traits, and the interaction of the two factors was also significant. Improvement in productivity and nutritional quality was observed from the application of thiourea in both cultivars. Galaxy-2013 performed best at 1000 mg L−1 thiourea application for both productivity- and nutritional-quality-related traits at the heading stage. In conclusion, exogenous application of thiourea improves the productivity and nutritional quality of wheat on sandy loam soils in semi-arid regions; however, for wider recommendations, more trials may be conducted across various agro-ecological regions.
Ahmad Sher; Xiukang Wang; Abdul Sattar; Muhammad Ijaz; Sami Ul-Allah; Muhammad Nasrullah; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Manaf; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. Exogenous Application of Thiourea for Improving the Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomy 2021, 11, 1432 .
AMA StyleAhmad Sher, Xiukang Wang, Abdul Sattar, Muhammad Ijaz, Sami Ul-Allah, Muhammad Nasrullah, Yamin Bibi, Abdul Manaf, Sajid Fiaz, Abdul Qayyum. Exogenous Application of Thiourea for Improving the Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomy. 2021; 11 (7):1432.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Sher; Xiukang Wang; Abdul Sattar; Muhammad Ijaz; Sami Ul-Allah; Muhammad Nasrullah; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Manaf; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. 2021. "Exogenous Application of Thiourea for Improving the Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1432.
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of different doses (100, 300, and 500 mJ) of low power He–Ne laser (632.8 nm) irradiation on seed germination and thermodynamics attributes and activities of potential germinating enzymes in relation with changes in seed metabolites. He–Ne laser seed irradiation increased the amylase (Amy), protease (Pro) and glucosidase (Gluco) activities, with a significant improvement in seed thermodynamics and seed germination attributes. A fast increase was found in free fatty acids (FFA), free amino acids (FAA), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), total soluble sugars (TSS) and reducing sugars (RS) in laser treated seeds in parallel with fast decline in seed oil contents and total soluble proteins (TSP). Significant positive correlations were recorded in laser-induced enhanced seed energy levels, germination, activities of germination enzymes with levels of FAA, FFA, Chl, TSS and RS, but a negative correlation with the levels of TSP and oil. In conclusion, the seed treatment with 100 and 300 mJ He–Ne laser was more effective to improve the seed germination potential associated with an improvement in seed energy levels due to increased activities of germination enzymes due to the speedy breakdown of seed reserves to simple metabolites as building blocks.
Rashida Perveen; Xiukang Wang; Yasir Jamil; Qasim Ali; Shafaqat Ali; Muhammad Zakaria; Muhammad Afzaal; Rehan Kasana; Muhammad Saleem; Sajid Fiaz. Quantitative Determination of the Effects of He–Ne Laser Irradiation on Seed Thermodynamics, Germination Attributes and Metabolites of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Relation with the Activities of Germination Enzymes. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1411 .
AMA StyleRashida Perveen, Xiukang Wang, Yasir Jamil, Qasim Ali, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Zakaria, Muhammad Afzaal, Rehan Kasana, Muhammad Saleem, Sajid Fiaz. Quantitative Determination of the Effects of He–Ne Laser Irradiation on Seed Thermodynamics, Germination Attributes and Metabolites of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Relation with the Activities of Germination Enzymes. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (7):1411.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRashida Perveen; Xiukang Wang; Yasir Jamil; Qasim Ali; Shafaqat Ali; Muhammad Zakaria; Muhammad Afzaal; Rehan Kasana; Muhammad Saleem; Sajid Fiaz. 2021. "Quantitative Determination of the Effects of He–Ne Laser Irradiation on Seed Thermodynamics, Germination Attributes and Metabolites of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Relation with the Activities of Germination Enzymes." Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1411.
Use of Plantago ovata Forsk leaf (also known as blond plantain or isabgol) extract is a novel approach for ameliorating water stress in various agronomic crops such as maize (Zea mays L.). To examine the potential roles of P. ovata extract (0, 20 and 40%) in increasing seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic measurements, stomatal properties, oxidative stress and antioxidant response, ions uptake and the relationship between studied parameters, we investigated the impacts of its short-term seed priming on Z. mays L. elite cultivar “Cimmyt-Pak” under a control environment and a water deficit stress environment (induced by PEG). It was evident that water deficit stress conditions induced a negative impact on plant growth, stomatal properties and ion uptake in different organs of Z. mays. The decrease in growth-related attributes might be due to overproduction of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also overcome by the enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which increased under the water stress environment. However, seed priming with P. ovata extract positively increased germination rate and growth profile, and protected photosynthetic apparatus and stomatal properties by decreasing oxidative stress indicators and increasing activities of antioxidant compounds. Our results also depicted that the optimum concentration of P. ovata extract for Z. mays seedlings under water stress conditions was 20%, while a further increase in P. ovata extract (40%) induced a non-significant negative impact on growth and biomass of Z. mays seedling. In addition, the effect was more promising on Z. mays seedlings when grown under controlled conditions. Here, we concluded that the understanding of the role of seed priming with P. ovata extract in the increment of growth-related attributes, photosynthetic apparatus (Pn, Gs, Ts and Ci) and nutrient uptake (Ca2+, Fe2+, P and Mg2+) introduces new possibilities for their effective use in water deficit stress environments and shows a promising foundation for Z. mays tolerance against water deficit stress conditions.
Muhammad Nawaz; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Muhammad Khan; Javaria Afzal; Sajid Fiaz; Sajjad Ali; Hasnain Ishaq; Aamir Khan; Nagina Rehman; Shadab Shaukat; Shafaqat Ali. Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1404 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Nawaz, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Khan, Javaria Afzal, Sajid Fiaz, Sajjad Ali, Hasnain Ishaq, Aamir Khan, Nagina Rehman, Shadab Shaukat, Shafaqat Ali. Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (7):1404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Nawaz; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Saleem; Muhammad Khan; Javaria Afzal; Sajid Fiaz; Sajjad Ali; Hasnain Ishaq; Aamir Khan; Nagina Rehman; Shadab Shaukat; Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage." Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1404.
Foxtail millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a vital crop that is planted as food and fodder crop around the globe. There is only limited information is present for abiotic stresses on the physiological responses to atrazine. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different atrazine dosages on the growth, fluorescence and physiological parameters i.e., malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and O2) in the leaves to know the extent of atrazine on oxidative damage of foxtail millet. Our experiment consisted of 0, 2.5, 12.5, 22.5 and 32.5 (mg/kg) of labeled atrazine doses on 2 foxtaill millet varieties. High doses of atrazine significantly enhanced ROS and MDA synthesis in the plant leaves. Enzymes activities like ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities enhanced, while catalase (CAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduced with increasing atrazine concentrations. Finally atrazine doses at 32.5 mg/kg reduced chlorophyll contents, while chlorophyll (a/b) ratio also enhanced. Biomass, plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, minimal and maximal fluorescence (Fo, Fm), maximum and actual quantum yield, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate are decreased with increasing atrazine doses.
Alam Sher; Muhammad Mudassir Maqbool; Javed Iqbal; Muhammad Nadeem; Sajid Faiz; Hafeez Noor; Yasir Hamid; Xiangyang Yuan; Guo Pingyi. The Growth, physiological and biochemical response of foxtail millet to atrazine herbicide. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAlam Sher, Muhammad Mudassir Maqbool, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Nadeem, Sajid Faiz, Hafeez Noor, Yasir Hamid, Xiangyang Yuan, Guo Pingyi. The Growth, physiological and biochemical response of foxtail millet to atrazine herbicide. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlam Sher; Muhammad Mudassir Maqbool; Javed Iqbal; Muhammad Nadeem; Sajid Faiz; Hafeez Noor; Yasir Hamid; Xiangyang Yuan; Guo Pingyi. 2021. "The Growth, physiological and biochemical response of foxtail millet to atrazine herbicide." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , no. : 1.
Rapid developments in the field of plant genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems necessitate more detailed consideration of the delivery of the CRISPR system into plants. Successful and safe editing of plant genomes is partly based on efficient delivery of the CRISPR system. Along with the use of plasmids and viral vectors as cargo material for genome editing, non-viral vectors have also been considered for delivery purposes. These non-viral vectors can be made of a variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and protein- and peptide-based nanoparticles, as well as nanoscale polymeric materials. They have a decreased immune response, an advantage over viral vectors, and offer additional flexibility in their design, allowing them to be functionalized and targeted to specific sites in a biological system with low cytotoxicity. This review is dedicated to describing the delivery methods of CRISPR system into plants with emphasis on the use of non-viral vectors.
Mousa Alghuthaymi; Aftab Ahmad; Zulqurnain Khan; Sultan Khan; Farah Ahmed; Sajid Faiz; Eugenie Nepovimova; Kamil Kuča; Kamel Abd-Elsalam. Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles: New Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 7456 .
AMA StyleMousa Alghuthaymi, Aftab Ahmad, Zulqurnain Khan, Sultan Khan, Farah Ahmed, Sajid Faiz, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuča, Kamel Abd-Elsalam. Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles: New Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (14):7456.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMousa Alghuthaymi; Aftab Ahmad; Zulqurnain Khan; Sultan Khan; Farah Ahmed; Sajid Faiz; Eugenie Nepovimova; Kamil Kuča; Kamel Abd-Elsalam. 2021. "Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles: New Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14: 7456.
As an antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) protects plants from salinity-induced oxidative bursts. This study was conducted twice to determine the effect of α-Toc as a foliar spray (at 0 (no spray), 100, 200, and 300 mg L−1) to improve the yield and biochemical constituents of fresh green capsules of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under salt stress (0 and 100 mM). Salt stress significantly reduced K+ and Ca2+ ion concentration and yield, whereas it increased H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+, glycine betaine (GB), total free proline, total phenolics, and the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and protease in both okra varieties (Noori and Sabzpari). Foliar application of α-Toc significantly improved the yield in tested okra varieties by increasing the activity of antioxidants (CAT, GPX, SOD, and ascorbic acid), accumulation of GB, and total free proline in fruit tissues under saline and non-saline conditions. Moreover, α-Toc application as a foliar spray alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress by reducing Na+ concentration, MDA, and H2O2 levels and improving the uptake of K+ and Ca2+. Among the tested okra varieties, Noori performed better than Sabzpari across all physio-biochemical attributes. Of all the foliar-applied α-Toc levels, 200 mg L−1 and 300 mg L−1 were more effective in the amelioration of salinity-induced adverse effects in okra. Thus, we concluded that higher levels of α-Toc (200 mg L−1 and 300 mg L−1) combat salinity stress more effectively by boosting the antioxidant potential of okra plants.
Maria Naqve; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Shahbaz; Sajid Fiaz; Wardah Naqvi; Mehwish Naseer; Athar Mahmood; Habib Ali. Foliar Spray of Alpha-Tocopherol Modulates Antioxidant Potential of Okra Fruit under Salt Stress. Plants 2021, 10, 1382 .
AMA StyleMaria Naqve, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Shahbaz, Sajid Fiaz, Wardah Naqvi, Mehwish Naseer, Athar Mahmood, Habib Ali. Foliar Spray of Alpha-Tocopherol Modulates Antioxidant Potential of Okra Fruit under Salt Stress. Plants. 2021; 10 (7):1382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Naqve; Xiukang Wang; Muhammad Shahbaz; Sajid Fiaz; Wardah Naqvi; Mehwish Naseer; Athar Mahmood; Habib Ali. 2021. "Foliar Spray of Alpha-Tocopherol Modulates Antioxidant Potential of Okra Fruit under Salt Stress." Plants 10, no. 7: 1382.
Vascular plant one-zinc-finger (VOZ) transcription factors regulate plant growth and development under drought conditions. Six VOZ transcription factors encoding genes exist in soybean genome (both in Glycine max and Glycine soja). Herein, GmVOZs and GsVOZs were identified through in silico analysis and characterized with different bioinformatics tools and expression analysis. Phylogenetic analysis classified VOZ genes in four groups. Sequence logos analysis among G. max and G. soja amino acid residues revealed higher conservation. Presence of stress related cis-elements in the upstream regions of GmVOZs and GsVOZs highlights their role in tolerance against abiotic stresses. The collinearity analysis identified 14 paralogous/orthologous gene pairs within and between G. max and G. soja. The Ka/Ks values showed that soybean VOZ genes underwent selection pressure with limited functional deviation arising from whole genome and segmental duplication. The GmVOZs and GsVOZs were found to express in roots and leaves at seedling stage. The qRT-PCR revealed that GmVOZs and GsVOZs transcripts can be regulated by abiotic stresses such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). The findings of this study will provide a reference to decipher physiological and molecular functions of VOZ genes in soybean.
Shoaib Ur Rehman; Ghulam Qanmber; Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir; Ahsan Irshad; Sajid Fiaz; Furqan Ahmad; Zulfiqar Ali; Muhammad Sajjad; Muhammad Shees; Muhammad Usman; Zhide Geng. Characterization of Vascular plant One-Zinc finger (VOZ) in soybean (Glycine max and Glycine soja) and their expression analyses under drought condition. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253836 .
AMA StyleShoaib Ur Rehman, Ghulam Qanmber, Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir, Ahsan Irshad, Sajid Fiaz, Furqan Ahmad, Zulfiqar Ali, Muhammad Sajjad, Muhammad Shees, Muhammad Usman, Zhide Geng. Characterization of Vascular plant One-Zinc finger (VOZ) in soybean (Glycine max and Glycine soja) and their expression analyses under drought condition. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):e0253836.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShoaib Ur Rehman; Ghulam Qanmber; Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir; Ahsan Irshad; Sajid Fiaz; Furqan Ahmad; Zulfiqar Ali; Muhammad Sajjad; Muhammad Shees; Muhammad Usman; Zhide Geng. 2021. "Characterization of Vascular plant One-Zinc finger (VOZ) in soybean (Glycine max and Glycine soja) and their expression analyses under drought condition." PLoS ONE 16, no. 7: e0253836.
The deficiency of nitrogen (N) in soil restricts agricultural productivity and its overdosage pollutes the atmosphere. Nitrogen is a vital component of protein, chlorophyll and various physiological processes. When it is applied at a recommended dose, it may be lost through fixation, leaching, volatilization and denitrification, etc. Therefore, there is a dire need to harmonize the supply of nitrogen according to crop and soil requirements. Under this situation, precision nitrogen management is one of the best options. GreenSeekerTM is an integrated optical sensor with a variable application rate and mapping system that measures crops’ nitrogen requirements. To ascertain the abovementioned facts, a research study was conducted at the National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan, to examine the response of fodder oat to nitrogen management (N0 = control, N1 = 80 kg ha−1 basal dose, N2 = 40 + 40 kg ha−1 split doses, N3 = 40 kg ha−1 with one-time management with GreenSeekerTM and N4 = 20 kg ha−1 with two-time management with GreenSeekerTM) and seed rate (S1 = 80, S2 = 100, S3 = 120 and S4 = 140 kg ha−1). Data were recorded on the agronomic and physiological aspects of the crop and economic analysis was performed for GreenSeekerTM-based N application against the conventional recommended dose of nitrogen application. Mean values showed that greater number of tillers plant−1 (6), fresh weight (16572 kg) and photosynthetic rate (11.64 mmol m−2 s−1) were noted in the treatment N4 (20 kg ha−1 and two-time management with GreenSeekerTM). Greater plant height (70.8 cm) and leaf area (64.14 cm2) were recorded in treatment N2 (40 + 40 kg ha−1 split doses) as compared to the control. The effects of nitrogen on fodder oat were forecasted through NDVI. The results suggested that nitrogen treatment N4 (18 kg ha−1) managed by GreenSeeker in the PARC Oat cultivar produced the maximum NDVI value (0.68) at the booting stage among all treatments. The correlation of NDVI at the tillering and booting stages with green fodder yield was positive (R2 = 0.80). Therefore, the tillering and booting stages can be good depictive stages at early and later growth stages of fodder oat under the agro-climatic conditions of Islamabad, Pakistan. Based on the results, it is recommended to apply an initial dose of 20 kg ha−1 nitrogen along with two-time management with GreenSeekerTM for obtaining more green fodder yield in fodder oat. In Crux, with N1, a total of 80 kg ha−1 nitrogen was applied to achieve an estimated net profitability of USD 582.13. With N4, a total 58 kg ha−1 nitrogen was used to achieve a net profitability of USD 836.16; therefore, this treatment was found to be environmentally safe as compared to N1 (80 kg ha−1).
Junaid Shah; Xiukang Wang; Sami Khan; Sajjad Khan; Zulfiqar Gurmani; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. Optical-Sensor-Based Nitrogen Management in Oat for Yield Enhancement. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6955 .
AMA StyleJunaid Shah, Xiukang Wang, Sami Khan, Sajjad Khan, Zulfiqar Gurmani, Sajid Fiaz, Abdul Qayyum. Optical-Sensor-Based Nitrogen Management in Oat for Yield Enhancement. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6955.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunaid Shah; Xiukang Wang; Sami Khan; Sajjad Khan; Zulfiqar Gurmani; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. 2021. "Optical-Sensor-Based Nitrogen Management in Oat for Yield Enhancement." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6955.
Crop plants often have challenges of biotic and abiotic stresses, and they adapt sophisticated ways to acclimate and cope with these through the expression of specific genes. Changes in chromatin, histone, and DNA mostly serve the purpose of combating challenges and ensuring the survival of plants in stressful environments. Epigenetic changes, due to environmental stress, enable plants to remember a past stress event in order to deal with such challenges in the future. This heritable memory, called “plant stress memory”, enables plants to respond against stresses in a better and efficient way, not only for the current plant in prevailing situations but also for future generations. Development of stress resistance in plants for increasing the yield potential and stability has always been a traditional objective of breeders for crop improvement through integrated breeding approaches. The application of epigenetics for improvements in complex traits in tetraploid and some other field crops has been unclear. An improved understanding of epigenetics and stress memory applications will contribute to the development of strategies to incorporate them into breeding for complex agronomic traits. The insight in the application of novel plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) has opened a new plethora of options among plant scientists to develop germplasms for stress tolerance. This review summarizes and discusses plant stress memory at the intergenerational and transgenerational levels, mechanisms involved in stress memory, exploitation of induced and natural epigenetic changes, and genome editing technologies with their future possible applications, in the breeding of crops for abiotic stress tolerance to increase the yield for zero hunger goals achievement on a sustainable basis in the changing climatic era.
Chao Sun; KaziM Ali; Kan Yan; Sajid Fiaz; Richard Dormatey; Zhenzhen Bi; Jiangping Bai. Exploration of Epigenetics for Improvement of Drought and Other Stress Resistance in Crops: A Review. Plants 2021, 10, 1226 .
AMA StyleChao Sun, KaziM Ali, Kan Yan, Sajid Fiaz, Richard Dormatey, Zhenzhen Bi, Jiangping Bai. Exploration of Epigenetics for Improvement of Drought and Other Stress Resistance in Crops: A Review. Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Sun; KaziM Ali; Kan Yan; Sajid Fiaz; Richard Dormatey; Zhenzhen Bi; Jiangping Bai. 2021. "Exploration of Epigenetics for Improvement of Drought and Other Stress Resistance in Crops: A Review." Plants 10, no. 6: 1226.
Sunflower is an important oil-seed crop in Pakistan, it is mainly cultivated in the spring season. It is severely affected by drought stress resulting in lower yield. Cuticular wax acts as the first defense line to protect plants from drought stress condition. It seals the aerial parts of plants and reduce the water loss from leaf surfaces. Various myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in biosynthesis of epicuticular waxes under drought-stress. However, less information is available for MYB, TFs in drought stress and wax biosynthesis in sunflower. We used different computational tools to compare the Arabidopsis MYB, TFs involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis and drought stress tolerance with sunflower genome. We identified three putative MYB genes (MYB16, MYB94 and MYB96) in sunflower along with their seven homologs in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic association of MYB TFs in Arabidopsis and sunflower indicated strong conservation of TFs in plant species. From gene structure analysis, it was observed that intron and exon organization was family-specific. MYB TFs were unevenly distributed on sunflower chromosomes. Evolutionary analysis indicated the segmental duplication of the MYB gene family in sunflower. Quantitative Real-Time PCR revealed the up-regulation of three MYB genes under drought stress. The gene expression of MYB16, MYB94 and MYB96 were found many folds higher in experimental plants than control. The present study provided the first insight into MYB TFs family's characterization in sunflower under drought stress conditions and wax biosynthesis TFs.
Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad; Mahmood- Ur- Rahman; Sunny Ahmar; Sajid Fiaz; Farrukh Azeem; Tayyaba Shaheen; Munazza Ijaz; Shazia Anwer Bukhari; Sher Aslam Khan; Freddy Mora-Poblete. Comparative Genomic Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors for Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Drought Stress Tolerance in Helianthus annuus L. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleHafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Mahmood- Ur- Rahman, Sunny Ahmar, Sajid Fiaz, Farrukh Azeem, Tayyaba Shaheen, Munazza Ijaz, Shazia Anwer Bukhari, Sher Aslam Khan, Freddy Mora-Poblete. Comparative Genomic Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors for Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Drought Stress Tolerance in Helianthus annuus L. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Muhammad Ahmad; Mahmood- Ur- Rahman; Sunny Ahmar; Sajid Fiaz; Farrukh Azeem; Tayyaba Shaheen; Munazza Ijaz; Shazia Anwer Bukhari; Sher Aslam Khan; Freddy Mora-Poblete. 2021. "Comparative Genomic Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors for Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Drought Stress Tolerance in Helianthus annuus L." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , no. : 1.
Weeds pose a great threat to crop production subsequently distressing the equilibrium of agro-ecological systems globally. Instead of relying on chemical weed control, there is a dire need to explore alternative eco-friendly agricultural practices for weed suppression and sustainable wheat production. Mulching being eco-friendly could potentially serve the purpose towards weed suppression organically. To check the usefulness of mulching, two-year studies were conducted under field conditions in Haripur, Pakistan, during 2014 and 2015 to elucidate the response of various mulching materials for weed control in wheat. Six mulch material treatments were used along with Buctril super (used as check) at the rate of 1.235 L ha−1 to control the most problematic weed species of wheat in Pakistan. Experiments were designed under randomized complete block design with four repeats. The analysis of data revealed a significant decrease in weed density, relative weed density, fresh and dry plant biomass at 25, 50 and 75 days after sowing (DAS) where Buctril super at 1.235 L ha−1 and mulch of black plastic were used followed by sugarcane bagasse and dry leaves of mulberry, as compared with control (untreated). Higher density of weed, relative weed density, fresh and dry plant biomass were observed in test weed species of wheat where lentil was applied with wheat and dry leaves of mulberry were incorporated. Net economic benefits in the form of benefit cost ratio (2.55) were higher where grass clippings were applied followed by sugarcane bagasse (2.43), mulberry leaves (2.49), while the lowest net economic benefits (1.72) were obtained when lentil (grown as live mulch crop) with wheat was intercropped. It was concluded from the study that sugarcane bagasse and grass clippings could be a source to control weeds in the wheat with a minimum cost of production at Haripur, Pakistan, and similar agro-climatic environment.
Sami Khan; Xiukang Wang; Tariq Mehmood; Sohail Latıf; Saftain Khan; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Mulching for Weed Suppression in Wheat under Rain-Fed Conditions of Haripur, Pakistan. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1131 .
AMA StyleSami Khan, Xiukang Wang, Tariq Mehmood, Sohail Latıf, Saftain Khan, Sajid Fiaz, Abdul Qayyum. Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Mulching for Weed Suppression in Wheat under Rain-Fed Conditions of Haripur, Pakistan. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSami Khan; Xiukang Wang; Tariq Mehmood; Sohail Latıf; Saftain Khan; Sajid Fiaz; Abdul Qayyum. 2021. "Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Mulching for Weed Suppression in Wheat under Rain-Fed Conditions of Haripur, Pakistan." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1131.
Epigenetics involves the heritable changes in patterns of gene expression determined by developmental and abiotic stresses, i.e., drought, cold, salinity, trace metals, and heat. Gene expression is driven by changes in DNA bases, histone proteins, the biogenesis of ncRNA, and changes in the nucleotide sequence. To cope with abiotic stresses, plants adopt certain changes driven by a sophisticated biological system. DNA methylation is a primary mechanism for epigenetic variation, which can induce phenotypic alterations in plants under stress. Some of the stress-driven changes in plants are temporary, while some modifications may be stable and inheritable to the next generations to allow them to cope with such extreme stress challenges in the future. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of epigenetically developed phenotypic characteristics in plants as an evolutionary process participating in adaptation and tolerance responses to abiotic and biotic stresses that alter their growth and development. We emphasize the molecular process underlying changes in DNA methylation, differential variation for different species, the roles of non-coding RNAs in epigenetic modification, techniques for studying DNA methylation, and its role in crop improvement in tolerance to abiotic stress (drought, salinity, and heat). We summarize DNA methylation as a significant future research priority for tailoring crops according to various challenging environmental issues.
Zahida Akhter; Zhenzhen Bi; KaziM Ali; Chao Sun; Sajid Fiaz; Fasih Haider; Jiangping Bai. In Response to Abiotic Stress, DNA Methylation Confers EpiGenetic Changes in Plants. Plants 2021, 10, 1096 .
AMA StyleZahida Akhter, Zhenzhen Bi, KaziM Ali, Chao Sun, Sajid Fiaz, Fasih Haider, Jiangping Bai. In Response to Abiotic Stress, DNA Methylation Confers EpiGenetic Changes in Plants. Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahida Akhter; Zhenzhen Bi; KaziM Ali; Chao Sun; Sajid Fiaz; Fasih Haider; Jiangping Bai. 2021. "In Response to Abiotic Stress, DNA Methylation Confers EpiGenetic Changes in Plants." Plants 10, no. 6: 1096.
Recently, there has been a remarkable increase in rice production owing to genetic improvement and increase in application of synthetic fertilizers. For sustainable agriculture, there is dire need to maintain a balance between profitability and input cost. To meet the steady growing demands of the farming community, researchers are utilizing all available resources to identify nutrient use efficient germplasm, but with very little success. Therefore, it is essential to understand the underlying genetic mechanism controlling nutrients efficiency, with the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) being the most important trait. Information regarding genetic factors controlling nitrogen (N) transporters, assimilators, and remobilizers can help to identify candidate germplasms via high-throughput technologies. Large-scale field trials have provided morphological, physiological, and biochemical trait data for the detection of genomic regions controlling NUE. The functional aspects of these attributes are time-consuming, costly, labor-intensive, and less accurate. Therefore, the application of novel plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) with context to genome engineering has opened new avenues of research for crop improvement programs. Most recently, genome editing technologies (GETs) have undergone enormous development with various versions from Cas9, Cpf1, base, and prime editing. These GETs have been vigorously adapted in plant sciences for novel trait development to insure food quantity and quality. Base editing has been successfully applied to improve NUE in rice, demonstrating the potential of GETs to develop germplasms with improved resource use efficiency. NPBTs continue to face regulatory setbacks in some countries due to genome editing being categorized in the same category as genetically modified (GM) crops. Therefore, it is essential to involve all stakeholders in a detailed discussion on NPBTs and to formulate uniform policies tackling biosafety, social, ethical, and environmental concerns. In the current review, we have discussed the genetic mechanism of NUE and NPBTs for crop improvement programs with proof of concepts, transgenic and GET application for the development of NUE germplasms, and regulatory aspects of genome edited crops with future directions considering NUE.
Sajid Fiaz; Xiukang Wang; Sher Aslam Khan; Sunny Ahmar; Mehmood Ali Noor; Aamir Riaz; KaziM Ali; Farhat Abbas; Freddy Mora-Poblete; Carlos R. Figueroa; Badr Alharthi. Novel plant breeding techniques to advance nitrogen use efficiency in rice: A review. GM Crops & Food 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleSajid Fiaz, Xiukang Wang, Sher Aslam Khan, Sunny Ahmar, Mehmood Ali Noor, Aamir Riaz, KaziM Ali, Farhat Abbas, Freddy Mora-Poblete, Carlos R. Figueroa, Badr Alharthi. Novel plant breeding techniques to advance nitrogen use efficiency in rice: A review. GM Crops & Food. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Fiaz; Xiukang Wang; Sher Aslam Khan; Sunny Ahmar; Mehmood Ali Noor; Aamir Riaz; KaziM Ali; Farhat Abbas; Freddy Mora-Poblete; Carlos R. Figueroa; Badr Alharthi. 2021. "Novel plant breeding techniques to advance nitrogen use efficiency in rice: A review." GM Crops & Food , no. : 1-20.