This study selects 20 indices of economic and environmental conditions over 15 years (1996–2010) for 14 cities in Liaoning province, China. We calculate the economic score and environmental score of each city by processing 4200 data points through SPSS 16.0 and establish synthesis functions between the economy and the environment. For the time dimension, we study the temporal evolution of the economic and environmental coordination development degree . Based on Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques and using GeoDa, we calculate Moran's index of local spatial autocorrelation and explore the spatial distribution character of in Liaoning province through a LISA cluster map. As we found in the temporal dimension, the results show that of the 14 cities has been rising for 15 years and that increases year by year, which indicates that the economic and environmental coordination development condition has been improving from disorder to highly coordinated. A smaller gap between economic strength and environmental carrying capacity in Liaoning province exists, which means that economic development and environmental protection remain synchronized. In the spatial dimension, the highly coordinated cities have changed from a scattering to a concentration in the middle-south region of Liaoning province. Poorly coordinated cities are scattered in the northwestern region of Liaoning province.

The construction of pseudo human settlements in the context of “digital-real integration” in the information age is crucial for the high-quality development of human settlements in the new era. This study aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of the pseudo human settlements and its mechanism to provide new ideas for scientific breakthroughs in cross-disciplinary fields, such as human settlements, and to provide a strong basis for promoting the overall improvement of the quality of the human settlements in the central China’s urban agglomerations in the new era. Employing the theoretical framework of “three states” in human settlements, this study utilizes big data, including tourism, shopping, work, and socialization, to investigate the dynamic patterns and driving mechanisms of pseudo human settlements within Central China’s urban agglomerations from 2011 to 2021, employing methodologies such as the coupling coordination model, standard deviation ellipse, kernel density, and gray correlation degree. The results show the following: (1) the overall pseudo human settlements in central China’s urban agglomerations exhibit a pattern of “high coupling and low coordination”. (2) The overall coupling degree exhibits a fluctuating upward trend and has been at a high coupling-state level. (3) The degree of coupling coordination has obvious spatial differentiation characteristics, such as the core circle, “tower”, and “two main and one secondary” core structure. (4) The overall level of pseudo human settlements is influenced by the combination of time, space, and the multidimensionality of systems and indicators. This study conducted research on pseudo human settlements to enrich the theory of the human–land interaction relationship in geography and reflect the decision-making needs in the strategy of network power.

To address ecological degradation in estuarine coastal wetlands caused by the combined pressures of land–sea interactions and anthropogenic activities, we developed an improved Coastal Wetland Ecological Status Index (CWESI). Using Landsat time-series observations from 1994 to 2024, together with the coefficient of variation (CV), Theil–Sen slope estimator, Mann–Kendall significance test, and Hurst exponent, we quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics and persistence characteristics of ecological quality in the Liaohe Estuary coastal wetland. Furthermore, an optimal parameter-based geographical detector (OPGD) model was employed to investigate the relative contributions and interactive effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on ecological quality heterogeneity. The results revealed the following: (1) Ecological quality exhibited an overall fluctuating improvement trend during 1994–2024, with the mean CWESI value increasing from 0.45 to 0.52. Spatially, ecological quality displayed a decreasing gradient from inland areas towards coastal zones, with high-quality ecological patches primarily concentrated in reed wetlands and core conservation areas. (2) During the study period, the area of low-quality ecological spaces decreased by 75.23 km², whereas areas classified as Moderate or higher expanded by 74.96 km². Approximately 78.66% of the study area exhibited stable or improving ecological conditions, while only 5.23% experienced ecological degradation. (3) Driver analysis indicated that fractional vegetation cover and net primary productivity were the dominant natural factors influencing ecological quality. Their interactions with soil moisture and climatic variables exhibited significant bivariate enhancement effects. These results show that wetland ecological quality is regulated by the synergistic interactions among multiple environmental factors. Long-term ecological restoration measures, including aquaculture withdrawal and wetland rehabilitation as well as ecological water replenishment projects, acted as critical anthropogenic drivers promoting sustained ecological improvement. The proposed CWESI framework provides a robust methodological basis for dynamic monitoring, conservation planning, and adaptive ecological management of coastal wetlands facing similar environmental pressures.

【目的】在“生态保护优先”原则下，探寻滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源向旅游产品的有效转化路径，是实现生态产品价值并推动区域可持续发展的关键。本文旨在揭示滨海湿地型国家公园在资源转化过程中普遍面临的内在逻辑与系统性障碍，进而构建兼顾生态效益与经济价值的创新开发模式，以期为同类型国家公园破解“保护与发展”困境提供具有普适性的理论范式与实践指引。【方法】引入“空间-属性-行为”三维分析框架：首先，基于辽河口国家公园97个旅游资源点数据，运用核密度分析揭示其空间分布格局；其次，采用AHP-熵权法结合生态敏感度负向修正，构建综合评价模型，量化资源的可转化潜力；最后，结合对1337条网络评论的文本挖掘与情感分析，诊断现有旅游产品的游客感知与市场反馈。【结果】①辽河口国家公园生态旅游资源呈现“红海滩核心-潮沟次核心-河口外缘递减”的双元集聚空间格局，自然禀赋（权重0.46）是决定旅游产品成熟度的首要因素。②资源转化路径呈现显著分层：成熟旅游产品已形成“资源识别-产品设计-市场运营-生态反哺”的良性循环；而半成熟旅游产品则普遍受困于“四低两高”（低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知；高监测成本、高协同难度）的系统性阻碍。③游客对辽河口国家公园旅游产品的感知呈现“生态稀缺-设施短板-静谧氛围”的三重特征，负面情绪（28.5%）主要指向服务与配套设施不足。【结论】本文构建了滨海湿地型国家公园“资源识别-梯度评价-产品分类-模式创新”的4级转化框架，并针对性地提出4种创新开发模式：标志性生态景观驱动的“景-产-城”整合模式、“蓝碳金融+生态修复”创新PPP模式、关键生态资产导向的社区共管模式和“数据孪生国家公园”智慧运维模式。该模式框架旨在通过产业、科技、治理三支柱的协同，为破解滨海湿地型国家公园“保护与发展”的普遍性困境提供系统性解决方案。