This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the scientific approach, accuracy, and practical applicability of different versions of ChatGPT in generating tr

Post-exercise recovery strategies are critical for athletic performance, yet the acute effects of controlled breathing techniques (box breathing vs. 6 bpm [6 breaths/min]) following high-intensity interval training (HIIT) remain understudied. This study compared three breathing protocols’ impact on cardiovascular and perceptual recovery metrics. In a randomized crossover design, 40 physically active university students (25 males, 15 females; age 20.95 ± 1.75 years) completed three HIIT sessions on a spin bike (15 min, 1:2 work: rest ratio at 85–95% HRmax). One of three recovery breathing protocols was applied during each session: Spontaneous breathing (control), Box breathing (4-4-4-4), 6 bpm (5–5). Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously, and perceived exertion was assessed via Borg Scale (6–20). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Box breathing elicited significantly: Higher post-exercise HR (164.65 ± 9.40 bpm) vs. 6 bpm (154.77 ± 12.18 bpm; p < 0.001*, Cohen’s d = 0.907*) and spontaneous breathing (159.05 ± 10.38 bpm; p = 0.054*), Elevated perceived exertion (Borg 17.27 ± 1.30) vs. 6 bpm (15.25 ± 1.08; p < 0.001*) and spontaneous breathing (15.25 ± 1.35; p < 0.001*). No significant difference in recovery time was observed (p = 0.128*), though box breathing showed a trend toward delayed HR baseline recovery (753.02 ± 150.60 sec vs. 675.70 ± 157.24 sec with 6 bpm). While 6 bpm appears optimal for post-HIIT recovery, box breathing may impose physiological and perceptual stress. Practitioners should tailor breathing strategies to individual tolerance and exercise intensity. These findings highlight the need for personalized recovery protocols in athletic training.

Bu çalışmanın amacı motor becerilerin gelişimi için kritik bir dönem olan 10-12 yaş aralığındaki çocuklarda düzenli ip atlama çalışmalarının dikey sıçrama kuvveti ve 20 metre koşu süratine olan etkilerini incelemektir. Yaşları 10-12 arasında değişen toplam 100 öğrenci (kadın=50, erkek=50) rastgele ip atlama ve kontrol gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubu (n=50) 12 hafta boyunca sadece beden eğitimi derslerine katılırken, ip atlama grubu (n=50) beden eğitimi derslerine ek olarak düzenli ip atlama programına katılmıştır. Araştırmanın başlangıcında ve sonunda tüm katılımcılara dikey sıçrama ve 20 metre koşu testleri uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler bağımsız t-testleri ile değerlendirilmiş ve istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p

This cross-sectional study examined whether physical activity, sedentary behav-iour, and regular sports participation were associated with effective communication skills among university students. Participants were 431 students (280 women, 151 men) who completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form and the Effective Communication Skills Scale. Group differences were evaluated using t tests and analyses of variance; Pearson correlations, Spearman sensitivity analyses, and multiple linear regression were conducted. The mean communication score was 120.84 ± 24.89 and mean physical activity was 3782.41 ± 3111.98 MET-min/week. Communication scores did not differ by sex, age group, regular sports participation in unadjusted analysis, or physical activity category. Total physical activity showed a weak negative Pearson correlation with communication (r = −.108, p = .025), but the Spearman result was not significant (ρ = −.095, p = .118); sitting time was unrelated to communication. The re-gression model was not significant (F[8, 422] = 1.73, p = .088, R² = .032). Within that model, non-participation in regular sports (B = −6.61, p = .027) and total physical activity (B = −0.0010, p = .025) had significant coefficients. These findings require caution. The social context of organised sport may matter more than total activity volume, but longitudinal research is needed.

This pre-test post-test intervention study included forty women (n = 40) with a mean age of 31.75 ± 5.38 years. Participants performed 45-minute indoor group cycling (spinning) sessions three times per week for eight weeks. Body image perception, assessed using the Body Image Scale developed by Secord and Jourard [1] and adapted into Turkish by Hovardaoglu [2], and anthropometric measurements were evaluated before and after the intervention. Following the exercise program, total body image scores increased significantly from 137.30 ± 27.19 to 159.00 ± 20.81 (p < .001, r = 0.85). Significant reductions were also observed in body weight (from 71.35 ± 9.05 kg to 67.53 ± 8.03 kg, −3.82 kg), body mass index (from 27.05 ± 3.18 kg/m2 to 25.61 ± 2.89 kg/m2), and chest, waist, hip, and thigh circumference measurements (all p < .001). No statistically significant change was found in shoulder circumference (p > .05). These findings indicate that an eight-week indoor group cycling (spinning) exercise program positively influences both body image perception and selected anthropometric indicators in adult women. Indoor cycling may therefore be considered an effective group-based exercise approach supporting both physical and psychological well-being. However, as this was a pre-test post-test study without a control group, causal interpretations should be made with caution.

This pre-test post-test intervention study included forty women (n = 40) with a mean age of 31.75 ± 5.38 years. Participants performed 45-minute indoor group cycling (spinning) sessions three times per week for eight weeks. Body image perception, assessed using the Body Image Scale developed by Secord and Jourard [1] and adapted into Turkish by Hovardaoglu [2], and anthropometric measurements were evaluated before and after the intervention. Following the exercise program, total body image scores increased significantly from 137.30 ± 27.19 to 159.00 ± 20.81 (p < .001, r = 0.85). Significant reductions were also observed in body weight (from 71.35 ± 9.05 kg to 67.53 ± 8.03 kg, −3.82 kg), body mass index (from 27.05 ± 3.18 kg/m2 to 25.61 ± 2.89 kg/m2), and chest, waist, hip, and thigh circumference measurements (all p < .001). No statistically significant change was found in shoulder circumference (p > .05). These findings indicate that an eight-week indoor group cycling (spinning) exercise program positively influences both body image perception and selected anthropometric indicators in adult women. Indoor cycling may therefore be considered an effective group-based exercise approach supporting both physical and psychological well-being. However, as this was a pre-test post-test study without a control group, causal interpretations should be made with caution.