Aim Tendinopathy is a pain-dysfunction syndrome of tendons resulting from an imbalance between the processes operating within the tissue and the external factors to which it is exposed. Contemporary concepts of pathogenesis indicate the overlap of many mechanisms: from mechanical overload leading to abnormal matrix remodeling, through inflammatory processes, to intratendinous compression causing hypoxia and pathological vascularization. The aim of this study was to review information regarding the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis and mechanisms driving tendinopathies, based on available scientific research. Material and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, including clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that investigated the mechanisms influencing the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Conclusions: The heterogeneity of the clinical and histological presentation confirms the multifactorial nature of tendinopathy and explains the therapeutic challenges and frequent treatment failures. The authors suggest that integrating knowledge regarding mechanotransduction, inflammation, metabolism, and the role of intratendinous pressure may provide a basis for developing more precise and effective treatment strategies for tendinopathy.

Background: Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by various species of Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria transmitted by ticks. Increasing evidence suggests that it may affect an individual's ability to participate in sports and physical activity. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of Lyme disease on human body functioning, with particular emphasis on the resulting changes and their consequences for the ability to undertake and engage in physical activity and sports. Material and methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using publications available in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Cohort studies, meta analyses, epidemiological studies, experimental studies, and systematic reviews concerning Lyme disease risk factors, preventive strategies, and its impact on physical activity were included. Results: The analysis demonstrated that preventive measures, including post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis, play a key role in reducing the number of new Lyme disease cases. Such interventions decrease the risk of infection and help limit long-term health consequences. Conclusions: Lyme disease produces neurological, musculoskeletal, and systemic manifestations, including chronic fatigue and pain, which lead to reduced physical performance and diminished exercise tolerance.

Background: Rural communities are characterized by increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases and higher mortality rates, which result from limited access to specialized medical care. The use of telecardiology technologies allows for the circumvention of geographical barriers through remote monitoring of patients' vital signs. Aim: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of clinical effectiveness indicators for telemedicine and to identify systemic, organizational, and socio-demographic barriers hindering its implementation in rural areas. Materials and Methods: This non-systematic review includes studies published in the PubMed database between 2021 and 2025 concerning telemedicine in cardiac care in rural areas. The keywords used included: telemedicine, telehealth, telecardiology, remote patient monitoring, cardiology, cardiovascular care, heart failure, rural health, rural areas, implementation barriers, digital literacy, broadband internet, quality of life, and patient outcomes. Results: Remote care for patients with heart failure reduces the number of readmissions and lowers mortality, resulting in cost savings for the healthcare system. The development of these technologies is hindered by the phenomenon of digital exclusion caused by a lack of broadband connectivity and low technological competence among patients. Additional difficulties stem from challenges with the integration of IT systems and the lack of consistent reimbursement policies. Conclusions: The implementation of telecardiology in the form of integrated hybrid models yields tangible clinical benefits. However, the effective and stable use of remote systems in the long term requires the parallel expansion of local network infrastructure and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms for the automatic verification of incoming telemetry data.

Background Vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) consists of very short bouts of vigorous effort embedded in daily routines and may be a feasible way to increase activity in adults who do not exercise. Aim This narrative review summarizes evidence linking VILPA with mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, and cancer incidence in physically inactive adults, and discusses mechanisms, implementation, and limitations. Materials and methods A non-systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified studies published in 2020-2026 on VILPA, short vigorous bouts, exercise snacks, stair climbing, and interruptions of prolonged sitting. Results Accelerometer-based cohort studies indicate that brief daily VILPA is associated with lower all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, and lower cancer incidence in non-exercising adults. Indirect evidence from exercise snacks and sitting-interruption studies supports biological plausibility through favorable effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, insulinemia, postprandial metabolism, and vascular responses. Conclusions VILPA may be a simple, low-cost, and realistic entry point to increase physical activity in inactive adults, but it should complement rather than replace standard physical activity recommendations. Further intervention studies are needed to establish causality, safety, optimal dose, and long-term effectiveness. Key words: VILPA; vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity; exercise snacks; physical activity; sedentary behavior; cardiovascular disease; cancer; mortality; accelerometry

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into the treatment of melanoma has significantly reduced mortality over the past decade. However, therapeutic benefit is not observed in all patients, and treatment may be associated with severe adverse events. Therefore, identifying patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy remains of critical importance. Currently used biomarkers, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and manual assessment of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have limited predictive value. This narrative review provides a critical appraisal of studies employing digital pathology tools, multiplex and spatial techniques (including multiplex immunofluorescence, imaging mass cytometry, and digital spatial profiling), as well as machine learning algorithms for predicting response to ICIs in patients with melanoma. Available evidence suggests that the highest predictive value may be achieved by approaches integrating quantitative assessment of immune infiltration with information on its spatial distribution, functional state, and interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Particular relevance may be attributed to features associated with the “immune-inflamed”, “immune-excluded”, and “immune-desert” phenotypes, the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures, and the organisation of local immune niches. In addition, this review highlights key limitations in the interpretation of current data, including lack of methodological standardisation, data heterogeneity, and insufficient validation. Directions for future research necessary for the implementation of these approaches into routine clinical practice are also discussed.

Background: One of the key challenges of modern public health is the progressive aging of populations, which consequently leads to an increase in the prevalence of numerous conditions, including dementia. These diseases pose a major social problem, driving the search for effective methods to prevent them or mitigate their severity. One preventive measure recommended by the WHO is resistance training. Research indicates that it exerts a multi-level positive effect on dementia risk factors, thereby reducing the overall risk of developing the condition. Objective: To determine the impact of resistance training on modifiable risk factors for dementia and the overall risk of its onset, and thus to evaluate the utility of resistance training as a non-pharmacological method for preventing neurodegenerative disease. Material And methods: A review of scientific literature from PubMed And Google Scholar databases was conducted, including oryginał papers Published between 2021 And 2026. Studies concerning the impact of resistance training, dementia, Alzheimer disease, Irisin, BDNF, were analyzed. Results: Studies indicate that resistance training positively affects dementia risk factors and stimulates the secretion of protective factors against the development of the condition. Conclusions: Resistance training constitutes an effective, non-pharmacological method for preventing neurodegenerative disease, significantly reducing the risk of their onset. It can be successfully implemented in older adults and reduces symptoms in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)