Background. Physical activity adapted to pregnancy can provide important physical and psychological benefits while supporting maternal health. Aim. To summarize the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, describe beneficial and safe forms of physical exercise, and discuss their effects on maternal physical and mental health and selected pregnancy and postpartum outcomes. Material and methods. A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed. Publications from 2021 to 2026 were prioritized, while older studies were retained when directly relevant to the mechanisms or clinical questions addressed. The source manuscript included 38 publications covering original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, consensus documents, and selected relevant reports. Results. The reviewed evidence indicates that appropriately prescribed exercise during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders, lower total gestational weight gain, a lower risk of caesarean section, and potentially shorter labour. Physical activity also supports postpartum recovery and may improve maternal psychological well-being and reduce depressive symptoms. Exercise should nevertheless be adapted to the physiological changes and clinical status of each pregnancy. Conclusions. Regular, appropriately modified physical activity is beneficial for women with uncomplicated pregnancies and is associated with substantial maternal health benefits and little evidence of harm when appropriately prescribed.

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into the treatment of melanoma has significantly reduced mortality over the past decade. However, therapeutic benefit is not observed in all patients, and treatment may be associated with severe adverse events. Therefore, identifying patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy remains of critical importance. Currently used biomarkers, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and manual assessment of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have limited predictive value. This narrative review provides a critical appraisal of studies employing digital pathology tools, multiplex and spatial techniques (including multiplex immunofluorescence, imaging mass cytometry, and digital spatial profiling), as well as machine learning algorithms for predicting response to ICIs in patients with melanoma. Available evidence suggests that the highest predictive value may be achieved by approaches integrating quantitative assessment of immune infiltration with information on its spatial distribution, functional state, and interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Particular relevance may be attributed to features associated with the “immune-inflamed”, “immune-excluded”, and “immune-desert” phenotypes, the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures, and the organisation of local immune niches. In addition, this review highlights key limitations in the interpretation of current data, including lack of methodological standardisation, data heterogeneity, and insufficient validation. Directions for future research necessary for the implementation of these approaches into routine clinical practice are also discussed.

Background: Hematuria, proteinuria, and albuminuria may occur transiently after intense or prolonged exercise, complicating differentiation between a post-exercise response and kidney or urinary tract disease. Aim: To summarize the mechanisms, time course, renal biomarkers, and features that help distinguish transient post-exercise abnormalities from findings requiring further evaluation. Material and methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed. Publications from 2021–2026 were prioritized; 27 publications were included. Results: Exertional hematuria may be renal or mechanical in origin, whereas post-exercise proteinuria may have glomerular and tubular components. The pattern of changes is influenced by exercise duration and hydration status, whereas interpretation also depends on sample collection timing. Creatinine requires cautious interpretation after intense exercise because muscle metabolism and injury may increase its concentration. Cystatin C may complement renal function assessment. uKIM-1 and uNGAL may provide information on tubular injury, but variable post-exercise responses and lack of standardized cutoff values limit interpretation. Conclusions: Post-exercise abnormalities should be interpreted in clinical and temporal context. Persistent or recurrent abnormalities, features suggestive of a glomerular origin of hematuria, impaired renal function, or symptoms of rhabdomyolysis warrant further diagnostic evaluation.