Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) is one of the main causes of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DRP). Early surgery increases the visibility of the retina, allowing early recognition of DRP complications and additional treatments. One of the most important reasons affecting success after surgery is recurrent vitreous hemorrhage (RVH). We aimed to investigate the risk factors for RVH after early 25G vitrectomy in diabetic VH. Eighty eyes of eighty patients who underwent early 25G PPV surgery with a diagnosis of VH due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were included in this retrospective study. Vision acuity changes and intraocular pressure (IOP) changes were compared. The effect of arterial hypertension (HT), coronary artery disease (CAD), preoperative antiglaucomatous usage, and anticoagulant usage on RVH was investigated. A value of P < .05 was accepted as statistically significant. Postoperative RVH was observed in 18 (22.5%) patients. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and the development of postoperative RVH (r = −0.197, P = .08). The rate of HT and the mean HbA1C levels were found to be higher in the patients who developed RVH than in those who did not (P = .04 and < 0.001, respectively). The presence of CAD, preoperative glaucoma disease, and the use of anticoagulants did not have any effect on RVH (P = .229, 0.843, 0.932, respectively). HT and increased HbA1c were found to be risk factors for RVH in VH patients who underwent 25G vitrectomy in the early period in our study.

Objective To assess the course of neurodegeneration based on retinal layer thickness and integrity analysis in diabetic patients without retinopathy and to evaluate its association with inner retinal reflectivity. Methods This retrospective case–control study included 80 eyes of 80 patients with DM without retinopathy and 40 eyes of 40 healthy subjects with a follow-up of ≥1 year. SD-OCT was used for assessment of retinal reflectivity and macular layer thicknesses. Optical intensity ratios (OIRs) were defined as the mean OCT reflectivity of ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer to the mean reflectivity of RPE. Results After Bonferroni correction, thinning in pericentral, superior and nasal sectors in total retina, superior ganglion cell, pericentral and nasal inner plexiform, and superior inner retinal layers, as well as thickening in inferior and pericentral outer plexiform layer remained significant in the study group (p < 0.0125). Ganglion cell layer OIR significantly correlated with the changes in superior retina (r = 0.278, p = 0.013), central inner retina (r = 0.247, p = 0.027), and pericentral retinal thickness (r = 0.240, p = 0.032), and no eyes had disruption of retinal layers in the study group initially or finally. Conclusion Ganglion cell layer reflectivity significantly correlated with the amount of pericentral retinal thinning during the time course in the diabetic group, which was more prominent in the inner retinal layers.

Purpose: To compare the functional and anatomical outcomes of ranibizumab, aflibercept, and dexamethasone implant monotherapy in treatment-naive eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) in real-life conditions. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from the hospital database of treatment-naive patients diagnosed with DME with at least 12 months of follow-up. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) at baseline, third month, sixth month, ninth month, and 12 ^th month were recorded. In addition, a subgroup analysis was performed based on having good (below 0.4 log of minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) or poor (0.4 logMAR and above) vision. Results: A total of 219 eyes of 142 patients were included in the study. The change in the mean BCVA from baseline to 12 ^th month was from 0.62 logMAR to 0.42 logMAR ( P < 0.001) in the ranibizumab group, from 0.56 logMAR to 0.39 logMAR ( P < 0.001) in the aflibercept group, and from 0.46 logMAR to 0.5 logMAR ( P = 0.653) in the dexamethasone group. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups at any time point ( P > 0.05). The mean amount of CRT change was statistically significant at 12 months in all groups (ranibizumab: -175.4 µm, aflibercept: -153.3 µm, dexamethasone: -71.4 µm) ( P < 0.05). In eyes with initially good vision, the final BCVA at 12 months was significantly better in the ranibizumab group compared to the dexamethasone group ( P = 0.008). The aflibercept group had better visual acuity than the dexamethasone group, but there was no statistically significant difference ( P = 0.059). There was no significant difference in final BCVA in eyes with initially poor vision. No serious ocular/systemic complications were noted. Conclusion: At the 12 ^th month, a significant decrease in CRT was achieved in all treatment groups, whereas only ranibizumab and aflibercept groups had a significant BCVA increase. In eyes with initially good vision, the final BCVA at 12 months was better in the ranibizumab group compared to the dexamethasone group, whereas it was similar in all groups having initially poor vision.

Objective: To evaluate postoperative changes in male sexual function after cataract surgery and to examine the association between improvements in visual acuity and sexual performance using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Material and Methods: This prospective observational study included 52 men with age-related cataract who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Sexual function was assessed using the IIEF, encompassing erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. Assessments were conducted preoperatively and one month postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and demographic data were also recorded. Paired Student’s t-test was used to compare pre- and postoperative results. Results: The mean BCVA improved significantly from 0.58 ± 0.21 logMAR preoperatively to 0.14 ± 0.09 logMAR at one month (p < 0.001). Total IIEF scores increased from 35 ± 1.6 to 43 ± 1.7 (p < 0.005), indicating overall enhancement in sexual function. Significant improvements were observed in orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction (p < 0.005 for all), while changes in erectile function were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Visual improvement correlated positively with changes in total IIEF score (r = 0.52, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cataract surgery not only restores vision but also positively influences sexual and psychosocial well-being. Improvements in sexual satisfaction, desire, and orgasmic function highlight the broader quality-of-life benefits of visual rehabilitation. Further large-scale studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association.

Purpose: Childhood myopia is increasing globally, yet limited evidence exists on how parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) relate to children’s myopia status. This study aimed to evaluate parental KAP regarding childhood myopia and examine their associations with refractive outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included parents of myopic children aged 6–18 years presenting to an ophthalmology clinic between July and November 2025. A structured KAP questionnaire assessed parental knowledge of risk factors and control methods, attitudes toward myopia severity and management, and daily preventive practices. KAP scores were analyzed as continuous variables. Annual myopia progression was categorized according to refractive change (< − 0.50 D, 0.50–1.00 D, > 1.00 D). Results: A total of 303 parents were enrolled. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 4.68 ± 2.44, 8.12 ± 3.37, and 3.59 ± 1.52, respectively. Higher educational level, urban residence, and a family history of myopia were consistently associated with higher KAP scores. Parental KAP also varied by the child’s myopia severity: parents of children with high myopia demonstrated markedly higher knowledge and attitude scores than those of children with mild or moderate myopia. Correlation analysis showed a moderate positive association between knowledge and attitude scores ( r = 0.360, p < 0.001). Annual myopia progression was negatively correlated with knowledge ( r = − 0.263, p < 0.001), attitude ( r = − 0.127, p = 0.027), and practice scores ( r = − 0.123, p = 0.033), indicating that children of parents with higher KAP scores tended to show less refractive progression. Conclusions: Parental KAP profiles were associated with clinically relevant patterns of refractive progression in childhood myopia. Despite generally positive attitudes, substantial gaps persisted in parental knowledge and daily implementation of protective practices. Strengthening parental education and improving access to evidence-based interventions may support better behavioral engagement in myopia management.

Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) is a rare but significant condition that can lead to serious vision loss if left untreated. Although most pat