A comprehensive understanding of the challenges in zinc-electrode materials and fabrication that limit the continuous development of rechargeable zinc–air batteries.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ERCO ₂ ) to low-carbon fuel and useful chemicals, which can simultaneously store renewable energy and recover CO ₂ in a green manner, has proven to be a viable energy storage and conversion strategy.

Cu-based catalysts are exceptionally advantageous for the electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to fuels and chemical products utilizing clean and renewable energy.

Bi-based catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO₂(ERCO₂), including their preparation, electrochemical performance, reaction mechanisms and further challenges and research directions.