This study investigates diatomite-based silica ceramics designed for low thermal conductivity, using diatomite from the Utesai deposit (Aktobe region, Kazakhstan) and loam from the Romanovskoye deposit (West Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan) as a modifying additive. The raw diatomite is characterized by high porosity and low thermal conductivity, while the ground fraction shows favorable technological behavior for ceramic processing, including low drying sensitivity. Calcination at 950 °C increases density and thermal conductivity, indicating partial densification. Silica-ceramic specimens were produced by plastic and semi-dry molding and fired at 950 °C, both from pure diatomite and from a diatomite-loam composition. The results show that 10% loam addition improves the fired structure: density and strength increase, whereas water absorption and total shrinkage decrease, with only minor changes in thermal conductivity. The combined trends demonstrate the feasibility of producing lightweight silica ceramics with improved integrity while maintaining heat-insulating performance.

This paper examines certain strength characteristics of wood-concrete composites in comparison with other lightweight concretes. To address these issues, we conducted a series of experiments to study the relationship between the prismatic strength-to-cubic strength ratio, the development of strength, and the sequence of failure stages in arbolite concrete composites with various structural characteristics under a destructive load. Our experiments confirmed that the ratio of cubic to prismatic strength in wood-concrete specimens ranges from 0.894 to 0.965 and, in some cases, approaches unity depending on the size, fibers, and microstructure of the organic aggregate. We have also established that the failure of fibrous-structured arbolite concrete specimens occurs sequentially: first, the mortar component fails, and then the organic aggregate fibers fail. In arbite concrete specimens with a porous and coarse-pored structure, failure occurs simultaneously, as in other types of concrete. Based on the characteristics of the hardening and failure stages of arbite concrete composites, they can be used as wall material for building construction in regions with high seismic activity.

The article examines reinforced concrete elements subjected to compression and bending, their specific features and design principles. It describes the physical processes occurring under the influence of compressive and bending loads, as well as the role of reinforcement in enhancing the strength and stability of reinforced concrete structures. Reinforced concrete structures are widely used in construction due to their combination of high strength and stability. A special place in this field is occupied by compressed and bending elements, which ensure the stability and safety of buildings and structures. Such elements include columns, beams, arches, slabs, and other structures operating under external loads. This article is aimed at analyzing the features of compressed and bending reinforced concrete elements, their design, types of reinforcement, and applications in construction practice. Special attention is given to design requirements, types of reinforcement, and examples of the application of such elements in construction. Further technological development has led to the creation of prestressed structures, which have significantly increased the efficiency of bending elements. Today, the historical experience of using compressed and bending reinforced concrete elements serves as the foundation for modern engineering solutions, while the accumulated knowledge makes it possible to improve calculation and design methods, ensuring the durability and safety of structures.

The article examines current trends in the development of geopolymer and non-clinker binder materials used in the construction industry. Special attention is given to the effective utilization of industrial by-products such as fly ash, slag, microsilica, and calcined kaolin generated in the metallurgical and energy sectors. The physicochemical characteristics of geopolymer formation, the influence of the composition and modulus of alkaline activators, as well as the effect of curing regimes on structure formation and mechanical properties of the materials are analyzed. The research results show that, with optimal selection of technological parameters, composites with high strength, water resistance, and frost resistance can be obtained. Environmental aspects are also considered, including the reduction of CO₂ emissions and recycling of industrial waste. It is emphasized that the significant reserves of ash and slag materials in Kazakhstan make this direction promising from both scientific and industrial perspectives. Geopolymer binders are regarded as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient alternative to traditional Portland cement, contributing to the development of sustainable construction materials.

This article examines the scientific fundamentals of producing porous ceramic materials using local raw materials. The study analyzed the mineralogical and chemical composition of siliceous rock (opoka) from the Taskala deposit in the West Kazakhstan region and confirmed its suitability for the production of construction materials. In addition, the physical and chemical properties and plasticity characteristics of bentonite clay from the Pogodaev deposit in the West Kazakhstan region were investigated. The quality indicators of coal from the Shubarkol deposit in the Karaganda region were also considered, demonstrating their potential use in the production of energy-efficient materials. A literature review revealed that several methods are widely applied in the manufacture of porous ceramic products, including the use of combustible additives, foaming, gas release, and the incorporation of porous fillers. Based on the findings, ceramics produced from opoka and bentonite were proven to possess high strength, low thermal conductivity, and environmental efficiency. This research is consistent with the concept of transitioning to a “Green Economy”.

The article reflects the main methods and methods for the study, research and application in the industry of building materials of a natural fossil, diamithite, related to siliceous rocks. The objective of scientific research of diatomite in Aktobe region is to analyze the possibility of using diatomite by construction organizations in modern civil and industrial construction, and to develop technology for the production of diatomite thermal insulation bricks. The purpose of the research work is to develop a technology for the production of energy-saving building materials based on diatomite from the Western region of Kazakhstan for modern civil and industrial construction in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article highlights the nature of the origin of diatomite. The physico-mechanical properties of diatomite were studied by laboratory studies using instruments and equipment from the University's laboratory for building materials. Diatomite was studied as an independent material and as a raw material for the manufacture of thermolith used as a filler for the production of building materials. The thermolith was made in the laboratory by high-temperature roasting of the flask at a temperature of 1150°C. As a result of the conducted scientific research, the main physical and mechanical properties of diatomite, thermolith and diatomite thermal insulation bricks were determined.