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In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to achieve peace and prosperity for all people in the planet. Meeting that ambitious agenda depends on fulfilling all objectives of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Multiple approaches by diverse actors, many of them interconnected, will allow achieving each SDG. However, with compromised food security and food safety, many SDGs will not be realized. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), maize and groundnut are two staple crops frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, which threaten food security and food safety. Aflatoxins are extremely dangerous compounds produced primarily by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Even at minute concentrations, aflatoxins negatively influence health, income, and trade sectors. Farmers, traders, industries, and consumers become affected. However, practical solutions exist. Non-aflatoxin producing isolates (referred to as atoxigenic) of A. flavus can decrease crop aflatoxin content when used in biocontrol formulations to competitively displace aflatoxin producers during crop development. Typically, treated crops contain 80%–100% less aflatoxin than non-treated crops. The technology was developed by USDA-ARS for use in the US and has been adapted and improved for use in SSA where several products under the tradename Aflasafe are available. There are biocontrol products registered for use in 10 SSA countries and more are being developed. On the other hand, although highly effective, biocontrol is not a panacea. Less aflatoxin occurs across value chains when biocontrol is combined with other practices. In this review, we discuss how i) aflatoxin biocontrol products are developed, manufactured, licensed, and commercialized, ii) aflatoxin management strategies are designed, and iii) integrated aflatoxin management is or will soon be contributing to achieve, in several countries, many targets of most SDGs. We present integrated aflatoxin management as a model intervention contributing to tackle several challenges impeding prosperity and peace in SSA.
Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries. Global Food Security 2021, 30, 100559 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries. Global Food Security. 2021; 30 ():100559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2021. "Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries." Global Food Security 30, no. : 100559.
Maize, an important source of calories and nutrients in sub-Saharan Africa is threatened by northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum. This study examined combining ability and heterotic patterns of early-maturing (EM) maize inbreds, gene action conditioning NCLB resistance, performance of derived hybrids across environments, and identified testers. Fifteen each of white and yellow inbreds, were intercrossed using North Carolina Design II to obtain 75 hybrids per endosperm color. Hybrids plus six checks were inoculated with a virulent isolate of E. turcicum four weeks after planting in six inoculated and three non-inoculated environments in Nigeria, 2018 and 2019. Inbreds were assigned to heterotic groups using general combining ability (GCA) of multiple traits method. Specific combining ability (SCA), GCA, and genotype × environment interactions (G × E) were significant for grain yield (GYLD), disease severity, and other traits. NCLB caused 46% GYLD reduction. GCA effects were preponderant over SCA for GYLD and NCLB severity across environments indicating that hybridization and recurrent selection would enhance genetic gains and hybrid performance. White and yellow inbreds were placed in two and three heterotic groups, respectively. High-yielding NCLB resistant testers identified could be used to classify other inbreds yet to be field-tested into heterotic groups. TZEI 32 × TZEI 5 and TZEI 124 × TZEI 134 were identified as single-cross testers. TZEI 32 × TZEI 5, TZEI 5 × TZEI 75 (white) and TZEI 124 × TZEI 134, TZEI 124 × TZEI 11 (yellow) were identified for on-farm testing and possible commercialization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Baffour Badu‐Apraku; Faith A. Bankole; Morakinyo A. B. Fakorede; Gregory Ogbe; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega‐Beltran. Combining ability and heterotic grouping of turcicum‐resistant early‐maturing maize inbreds. Agronomy Journal 2021, 113, 3560 -3577.
AMA StyleBaffour Badu‐Apraku, Faith A. Bankole, Morakinyo A. B. Fakorede, Gregory Ogbe, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Alejandro Ortega‐Beltran. Combining ability and heterotic grouping of turcicum‐resistant early‐maturing maize inbreds. Agronomy Journal. 2021; 113 (4):3560-3577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaffour Badu‐Apraku; Faith A. Bankole; Morakinyo A. B. Fakorede; Gregory Ogbe; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega‐Beltran. 2021. "Combining ability and heterotic grouping of turcicum‐resistant early‐maturing maize inbreds." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 4: 3560-3577.
Aflatoxin contamination is caused by Aspergillus flavus and closely related fungi. In The Gambia, aflatoxin contamination of groundnut and maize, two staple and economically important crops, is common. Groundnut and maize consumers are chronically exposed to aflatoxins, sometimes at alarming levels, and this has severe consequences on their health and productivity. Aflatoxin contamination also impedes commercialization in local and international premium markets. In neighboring Senegal, an aflatoxin biocontrol product containing four atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus, Aflasafe SN01, has been registered and is approved for commercial use in groundnut and maize. We detected that the four genotypes composing Aflasafe SN01 are also native to The Gambia. The biocontrol product was tested during two years in 129 maize and groundnut fields and compared with corresponding untreated fields cropped by smallholder farmers in The Gambia. Treated crops contained up to 100% less aflatoxins than untreated crops. A large portion of the crops could have been commercialized in premium markets due to the low aflatoxin content (in many cases no detectable aflatoxins), both at harvest and after storage. Substantial aflatoxin reductions were also achieved when commercially produced groundnut received treatment. Here we report for the first time the use and effectiveness of an aflatoxin biocontrol product registered for use in two nations. With the current scale-out and -up efforts of Aflasafe SN01, a large number of farmers, consumers, and traders in The Gambia and Senegal will obtain health, income, and trade benefits. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Lamine A. Senghor; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Joseph Atehnkeng; Patrick Jarju; P. J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Aflasafe SN01 is the First Biocontrol Product Approved for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Two Nations, Senegal and The Gambia. Plant Disease 2021, 105, 1461 -1473.
AMA StyleLamine A. Senghor, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Joseph Atehnkeng, Patrick Jarju, P. J. Cotty, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Aflasafe SN01 is the First Biocontrol Product Approved for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Two Nations, Senegal and The Gambia. Plant Disease. 2021; 105 (5):1461-1473.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamine A. Senghor; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Joseph Atehnkeng; Patrick Jarju; P. J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2021. "Aflasafe SN01 is the First Biocontrol Product Approved for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Two Nations, Senegal and The Gambia." Plant Disease 105, no. 5: 1461-1473.
The species Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are commonly found in the soils of nut-growing areas in California. Several isolates can produce aflatoxins that occasionally contaminate nut kernels, conditioning their sale. Strain AF36 of A. flavus, which does not produce aflatoxins, is registered as a biocontrol agent for use in almond, pistachio, and fig crops in California. After application in orchards, AF36 displaces aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. and thus reduces aflatoxin contamination. Vegetative compatibility assays (VCAs) have traditionally been used to track AF36 in soils and crops where it has been applied. However, VCAs are labor intensive and time consuming. Here, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol to quantify proportions of AF36 accurately and efficiently in different substrates. Specific primers to target AF36 and toxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were designed based on the sequence of aflC, a gene essential for aflatoxin biosynthesis. Standard curves were generated to calculate proportions of AF36 based on threshold cycle values. Verification assays using pure DNA and conidial suspension mixtures demonstrated a significant relationship by regression analysis between known and qPCR-measured AF36 proportions in DNA (R2 = 0.974; P < 0.001) and conidia mixtures (R2 = 0.950; P < 0.001). Tests conducted by qPCR in pistachio leaves, nuts, and soil samples demonstrated the usefulness of the qPCR method to precisely quantify proportions of AF36 in diverse substrates, ensuring important time and cost savings. The outputs of this study will serve to design better aflatoxin management strategies for pistachio and other crops.
María Teresa García Lopez; Yong Luo; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ramon Jaime; Juan Moral Moral; Themis J. Michailides. Quantification of the Aflatoxin Biocontrol Strain Aspergillus flavus AF36 in Soil and in Nuts and Leaves of Pistachio by Real-Time PCR. Plant Disease 2021, 1 -05.
AMA StyleMaría Teresa García Lopez, Yong Luo, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Ramon Jaime, Juan Moral Moral, Themis J. Michailides. Quantification of the Aflatoxin Biocontrol Strain Aspergillus flavus AF36 in Soil and in Nuts and Leaves of Pistachio by Real-Time PCR. Plant Disease. 2021; ():1-05.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Teresa García Lopez; Yong Luo; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ramon Jaime; Juan Moral Moral; Themis J. Michailides. 2021. "Quantification of the Aflatoxin Biocontrol Strain Aspergillus flavus AF36 in Soil and in Nuts and Leaves of Pistachio by Real-Time PCR." Plant Disease , no. : 1-05.
During the last decade, there have been many advances in research and technology that have greatly contributed to expanded capabilities and knowledge in detection and measurement, characterization, biosynthesis, and management of mycotoxins in maize. MycoKey, an EU‐funded Horizon 2020 project, was established to advance knowledge and technology transfer around the globe to address mycotoxin impacts in key food and feed chains. MycoKey included several working groups comprising international experts in different fields of mycotoxicology. The MycoKey Maize Working Group recently convened to gather information and strategize for the development and implementation of solutions to the maize mycotoxin problem in light of current and emerging technologies. This feature summarizes the Maize WG discussion and recommendations for addressing mycotoxin problems in maize. Discussions focused on aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and zearalenone, which are the most widespread and persistently important mycotoxins in maize. Although regional differences were recognized, there was consensus about many of the priorities for research and effective management strategies. For preharvest management, genetic resistance and selecting adapted maize genotypes, along with insect management, were among the most fruitful strategies identified across the mycotoxin groups. For postharvest management, the most important practices included timely harvest, rapid grain drying, grain cleaning, and carefully managed storage conditions. Remediation practices such as optical sorting, density separation, milling, and chemical detoxification were also suggested. Future research and communication priorities included advanced breeding technologies, development of risk assessment tools, and the development and dissemination of regionally relevant management guidelines.
Antonio Logrieco; Paola Battilani; Marco Camardo Leggieri; Yu Jiang; Geert Haesaert; Alessandra Lanubile; George Mahuku; Akos Mesterházy; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Marco Pasti; Irina Smeu; Adriana M Torres; Miss Jing Xu; Gary P Munkvold. Perspectives on Global Mycotoxin Issues and Management From the MycoKey Maize Working Group. Plant Disease 2021, 105, 525 -537.
AMA StyleAntonio Logrieco, Paola Battilani, Marco Camardo Leggieri, Yu Jiang, Geert Haesaert, Alessandra Lanubile, George Mahuku, Akos Mesterházy, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Marco Pasti, Irina Smeu, Adriana M Torres, Miss Jing Xu, Gary P Munkvold. Perspectives on Global Mycotoxin Issues and Management From the MycoKey Maize Working Group. Plant Disease. 2021; 105 (3):525-537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Logrieco; Paola Battilani; Marco Camardo Leggieri; Yu Jiang; Geert Haesaert; Alessandra Lanubile; George Mahuku; Akos Mesterházy; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Marco Pasti; Irina Smeu; Adriana M Torres; Miss Jing Xu; Gary P Munkvold. 2021. "Perspectives on Global Mycotoxin Issues and Management From the MycoKey Maize Working Group." Plant Disease 105, no. 3: 525-537.
In most sub-Saharan African countries, staple cereal grains harbor many fungi and some produce mycotoxins that negatively impact health and trade. Maize and three small grain cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet) produced by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe during 2016 and 2017 were examined for fungal community structure, and total aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) content. A total of 800 maize and 180 small grain samples were collected at harvest and during storage from four agroecological zones. Fusarium spp. dominated the fungi associated with maize. Across crops, Aspergillus flavus constituted the main Aspergillus spp. Small grain cereals were less susceptible to both AF and FM. AF (52%) and FM (89%) prevalence was higher in maize than in small grains (13–25% for AF and 0–32% for FM). Less than 2% of small grain samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit for AF (4 µg/kg), while <10% exceeded the EU regulatory limit for FM (1000 µg/kg). For maize, 28% and 54% of samples exceeded AF and FM Codex guidance limits, respectively. Higher AF contamination occurred in the drier and hotter areas while more FM occurred in the wetter year. AF exposure risk assessment revealed that small grain consumption posed low health risks (≤0.02 liver cancer cases/100,000 persons/year) while maize consumption potentially caused higher liver cancer rates of up to 9.2 cases/100,000 persons/year depending on the locality. Additionally, FM hazard quotients from maize consumption among children and adults were high in both years, but more so in a wet year than a dry year. Adoption of AF and FM management practices throughout the maize value chain coupled with policies supporting dietary diversification are needed to protect maize consumers in Zimbabwe from AF- and FM-associated health effects. The higher risk of health burden from diseases associated with elevated concentration of mycotoxins in preferred maize during climate change events can be relieved by increased consumption of small grains.
Juliet Akello; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Bwalya Katati; Joseph Atehnkeng; Joao Augusto; Chama Mwila; George Mahuku; David Chikoye; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario. Foods 2021, 10, 287 .
AMA StyleJuliet Akello, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Bwalya Katati, Joseph Atehnkeng, Joao Augusto, Chama Mwila, George Mahuku, David Chikoye, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario. Foods. 2021; 10 (2):287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuliet Akello; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Bwalya Katati; Joseph Atehnkeng; Joao Augusto; Chama Mwila; George Mahuku; David Chikoye; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2021. "Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario." Foods 10, no. 2: 287.
In the tropics and subtropics, maize and other crops are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus. Treatment of crops with atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus formulated into biocontrol products can significantly reduce aflatoxin contamination. Treated crops contain up to 100% less aflatoxins compared to untreated crops. However, there is the notion that protecting crops from aflatoxin contamination may result in increased accumulation of other toxins, particularly fumonisins produced by a few Fusarium species. The objective of this study was to determine if treatment of maize with aflatoxin biocontrol products increased fumonisin concentration and fumonisin-producing fungi in grains. Over 200 maize samples from fields treated with atoxigenic biocontrol products in Nigeria and Ghana were examined for fumonisin content and contrasted with maize from untreated fields. Apart from low aflatoxin levels, most treated maize also harbored fumonisin levels considered safe by the European Union (< 1 part per million). Most untreated maize also harbored equally low fumonisin levels but contained higher aflatoxin levels. In addition, during one year, we detected considerably less Fusarium spp. densities in treated maize than in untreated maize. Our results do not support the hypothesis that treating crops with atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus used in biocontrol formulations results in higher grain fumonisin levels.
Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Daniel Agbetiameh; Joseph Atehnkeng; Titilayo D.O. Falade; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Does the use of atoxigenic biocontrol products to mitigate aflatoxin in maize increase fumonisin content in grains? Plant Disease 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran, Daniel Agbetiameh, Joseph Atehnkeng, Titilayo D.O. Falade, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Does the use of atoxigenic biocontrol products to mitigate aflatoxin in maize increase fumonisin content in grains? Plant Disease. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran; Daniel Agbetiameh; Joseph Atehnkeng; Titilayo D.O. Falade; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2020. "Does the use of atoxigenic biocontrol products to mitigate aflatoxin in maize increase fumonisin content in grains?" Plant Disease , no. : 1.
Maize is a staple for billions across the globe. However, in tropical and sub-tropical regions, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. There is an ongoing search for sources of aflatoxin resistance in maize to reduce continuous exposures of human populations to those dangerous mycotoxins. Large variability in susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination exists within maize germplasm. In Mexico, several maize landrace (MLR) accessions possess superior resistance to both Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination but their mechanisms of resistance have not been reported. Influences of kernel integrity on resistance of four resistant and four susceptible MLR accessions were evaluated in laboratory assays. Wounds significantly (P < 0.05) increased susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination even when kernel viability was unaffected. Treatments supporting greater A. flavus reproduction did not (P > 0.05) proportionally support higher aflatoxin accumulation suggesting differential influences by some resistance factors between sporulation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Physical barriers (i.e., wax and cuticle) prevented both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation in a highly resistant MLR accession. In addition, influence of temperature on aflatoxin contamination was evaluated in both viable and non-viable kernels of a resistant and a susceptible MLR accession, and a commercial hybrid. Both temperature and living embryo status influenced (P < 0.05) resistance to both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation. Lower sporulation on MLR accessions suggests their utilization would result in reduced speed of propagation and associated epidemic increases in disease both in the field and throughout storage. Results from the current study should encourage researchers across the globe to exploit the large potential that MLRs offer to breed for aflatoxin resistant maize. Furthermore, the studies provide support to the importance of resistance based on the living host and maintaining living status to reducing episodes of post-harvest contamination.
Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Peter J. Cotty. Influence of Wounding and Temperature on Resistance of Maize Landraces From Mexico to Aflatoxin Contamination. Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran, Peter J. Cotty. Influence of Wounding and Temperature on Resistance of Maize Landraces From Mexico to Aflatoxin Contamination. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ortega-Beltran; Peter J. Cotty. 2020. "Influence of Wounding and Temperature on Resistance of Maize Landraces From Mexico to Aflatoxin Contamination." Frontiers in Plant Science 11, no. : 1.
Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) incited by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum is a foliar disease that significantly limits maize production and productivity in West and Central Africa (WCA), particularly in the mid-altitudes but during the last decade it has become a menace in lowland agro-ecologies. The most economical and environmentally friendly disease management strategy is the cultivation of maize varieties resistant or tolerant to NCLB. However, no early maturing (EM) and extra-early maturing (EEM) NCLB resistant varieties are commercially available in WCA. One hundred inbred lines each of EM and EEM derived from tropical maize germplasm were inoculated with a virulent isolate of E. turcicum at five locations in Nigeria during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The objective of the study was to identify promising NCLB resistant lines and to investigate inter-relationships among the traits. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotype and genotype by environment (G × E) interactions for disease severity, grain yield (GYLD), and other agronomic traits. The average disease severity (TURC) values ranged from 1.9 to 5.8 and 2.9 to 5.7 for the EM and EEM inbred lines, respectively. The levels of reaction of the inbred lines to NCLB ranged from highly resistant to highly susceptible. Stepwise regression analysis showed that ears per plant, ear and plant aspects were significantly influenced by the disease scores. Ears per plant, ear and plant aspects, TURC and GYLD traits were employed to develop a base index (BI) for selecting NCLB resistant inbred lines for hybrid development. TZEI 135 and TZEEI 1 were outstanding in GYLD and also had the highest positive BI values in the EM and EEM inbred lines, respectively. The identification of NCLB resistant lines in this study has set the premise for development of NCLB resistant hybrids for WCA as well as the improvement of tropical maize breeding populations for NCLB resistance.
Baffour Badu-Apraku; Faith Ayobami Bankole; Babatope Samuel Ajayo; Morakinyo Abiodun Bamidele Fakorede; Richard Olutayo Akinwale; Abidemi Olutayo Talabi; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. Identification of early and extra-early maturing tropical maize inbred lines resistant to Exserohilum turcicum in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop Protection 2020, 139, 105386 .
AMA StyleBaffour Badu-Apraku, Faith Ayobami Bankole, Babatope Samuel Ajayo, Morakinyo Abiodun Bamidele Fakorede, Richard Olutayo Akinwale, Abidemi Olutayo Talabi, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. Identification of early and extra-early maturing tropical maize inbred lines resistant to Exserohilum turcicum in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop Protection. 2020; 139 ():105386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaffour Badu-Apraku; Faith Ayobami Bankole; Babatope Samuel Ajayo; Morakinyo Abiodun Bamidele Fakorede; Richard Olutayo Akinwale; Abidemi Olutayo Talabi; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. 2020. "Identification of early and extra-early maturing tropical maize inbred lines resistant to Exserohilum turcicum in sub-Saharan Africa." Crop Protection 139, no. : 105386.
Biological control is one of the recommended methods for aflatoxin mitigation. Biocontrol products must be developed, and their efficacy demonstrated before widespread use. Efficacy of two aflatoxin biocontrol products, Aflasafe GH01 and Aflasafe GH02, were evaluated in 800 maize and groundnut farmers’ fields during 2015 and 2016 in the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West regions of Ghana. Both products were developed after an extensive examination of fungi associated with maize and groundnut in Ghana. Each product contains as active ingredient fungi four Aspergillus flavus isolates belonging to atoxigenic African Aspergillus Vegetative Compatibility Groups (AAVs) widely distributed across Ghana. An untreated field was maintained for each treated field to determine product efficacy. Proportions of atoxigenic AAVs composing each product were assessed in soils before product application, and soils and grains at harvest. Significant (P < 0.05) displacement of toxigenic fungi occurred in both crops during both years, in all five regions. Biocontrol-treated crops consistently had significantly (P < 0.05) less aflatoxins (range = 76% to 100% less; average = 99% less) than untreated crops. Results indicate that both biocontrol products are highly efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe tools for aflatoxin mitigation. Most crops from treated fields could have been sold in both local and international food and feed premium markets. Adoption and use of biocontrol products have the potential to improve the health of Ghanaians, and both income and trade opportunities of farmers, aggregators, distributors, and traders.
Daniel Agbetiameh; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Richard T. Awuah; Joseph Atehnkeng; Abuelgasim Elzein; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Field efficacy of two atoxigenic biocontrol products for mitigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana. Biological Control 2020, 150, 104351 .
AMA StyleDaniel Agbetiameh, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Richard T. Awuah, Joseph Atehnkeng, Abuelgasim Elzein, Peter J. Cotty, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Field efficacy of two atoxigenic biocontrol products for mitigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana. Biological Control. 2020; 150 ():104351.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Agbetiameh; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Richard T. Awuah; Joseph Atehnkeng; Abuelgasim Elzein; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2020. "Field efficacy of two atoxigenic biocontrol products for mitigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana." Biological Control 150, no. : 104351.
In warm regions, agricultural fields are occupied by complex Aspergillus flavus communities composed of isolates in many vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) with varying abilities to produce highly toxic, carcinogenic aflatoxins. Aflatoxin contamination is reduced with biocontrol products that enable atoxigenic isolates from atoxigenic VCGs to dominate the population. Shifts in VCG frequencies similar to those caused by the introduction of biocontrol isolates were detected in Sonora, Mexico, where biocontrol is not currently practiced. The shifts were attributed to founder events. Although VCGs reproduce clonally, significant diversity exists within VCGs. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprinting revealed that increased frequencies of VCG YV150 involved a single haplotype. This is consistent with a founder event. Additionally, great diversity was detected among 82 YV150 isolates collected over 20 years across Mexico and the United States. Thirty-six YV150 haplotypes were separated into two populations by Structure and SplitsTree analyses. Sixty-five percent of isolates had MAT1-1 and belonged to one population. The remaining had MAT1-2 and belonged to the second population. SSR alleles varied within populations, but recombination between populations was not detected despite co-occurrence at some locations. Results suggest that YV150 isolates with opposite mating-type have either strongly restrained or lost sexual reproduction among themselves.
Alejandro Ortega‐Beltran; Kenneth A. Callicott; Peter J. Cotty. Founder events influence structures of Aspergillus flavus populations. Environmental Microbiology 2020, 22, 3522 -3534.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ortega‐Beltran, Kenneth A. Callicott, Peter J. Cotty. Founder events influence structures of Aspergillus flavus populations. Environmental Microbiology. 2020; 22 (8):3522-3534.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ortega‐Beltran; Kenneth A. Callicott; Peter J. Cotty. 2020. "Founder events influence structures of Aspergillus flavus populations." Environmental Microbiology 22, no. 8: 3522-3534.
Aflatoxin contamination of important food and feed crops occurs frequently in warm tropical and subtropical regions. The contamination is caused mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination negatively affects health and trade sectors and causes economic losses to agricultural industries. Many pre- and post-harvest technologies can limit aflatoxin contamination but may not always reduce aflatoxin concentrations below tolerance thresholds. However, the use of atoxigenic (non-toxin producing) isolates of A. flavus to competitively displace aflatoxin producers is a practical strategy that effectively limits aflatoxin contamination in crops from field to plate. Biocontrol products formulated with atoxigenic isolates as active ingredients have been registered for use in the US, several African nations, and one such product is in final stages of registration in Italy. Many other nations are seeking to develop biocontrol products to protect their crops. In this review article we present an overview of the biocontrol technology, explain the basis to select atoxigenic isolates as active ingredients, describe how formulations are developed and tested, and describe how a biocontrol product is used commercially. Future perspectives on formulations of aflatoxin biocontrol products, along with other important topics related to the aflatoxin biocontrol technology are also discussed.
Juan Moral; Maria Teresa Garcia-Lopez; Boris X. Camiletti; Ramon Jaime; Themis J. Michailides; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. Present Status and Perspective on the Future Use of Aflatoxin Biocontrol Products. Agronomy 2020, 10, 491 .
AMA StyleJuan Moral, Maria Teresa Garcia-Lopez, Boris X. Camiletti, Ramon Jaime, Themis J. Michailides, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. Present Status and Perspective on the Future Use of Aflatoxin Biocontrol Products. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Moral; Maria Teresa Garcia-Lopez; Boris X. Camiletti; Ramon Jaime; Themis J. Michailides; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran. 2020. "Present Status and Perspective on the Future Use of Aflatoxin Biocontrol Products." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 491.
Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut and maize infected by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi is common throughout Senegal. The use of biocontrol products containing atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains to reduce crop aflatoxin content has been successful in several regions, but no such products are available in Senegal. The biocontrol product Aflasafe SN01 was developed for use in Senegal. The four active ingredients of Aflasafe SN01 are atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes native to Senegal and distinct from active ingredients used in other biocontrol products. Efficacy tests on groundnut and maize in farmers’ fields were carried out in Senegal during the course of 5 years. Active ingredients were monitored with vegetative compatibility analyses. Significant (P < 0.05) displacement of aflatoxin producers occurred in all years, districts, and crops. In addition, crops from Aflasafe SN01-treated fields contained significantly (P < 0.05) fewer aflatoxins both at harvest and after storage. Most crops from treated fields contained aflatoxin concentrations permissible in both local and international markets. Results suggest that Aflasafe SN01 is an effective tool for aflatoxin mitigation in groundnut and maize. Large-scale use of Aflasafe SN01 should provide health, trade, and economic benefits for Senegal. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
L. A. Senghor; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; J. Atehnkeng; K. A. Callicott; P. J. Cotty; R. Bandyopadhyay. The Atoxigenic Biocontrol Product Aflasafe SN01 Is a Valuable Tool to Mitigate Aflatoxin Contamination of Both Maize and Groundnut Cultivated in Senegal. Plant Disease 2020, 104, 510 -520.
AMA StyleL. A. Senghor, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, J. Atehnkeng, K. A. Callicott, P. J. Cotty, R. Bandyopadhyay. The Atoxigenic Biocontrol Product Aflasafe SN01 Is a Valuable Tool to Mitigate Aflatoxin Contamination of Both Maize and Groundnut Cultivated in Senegal. Plant Disease. 2020; 104 (2):510-520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. A. Senghor; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; J. Atehnkeng; K. A. Callicott; P. J. Cotty; R. Bandyopadhyay. 2020. "The Atoxigenic Biocontrol Product Aflasafe SN01 Is a Valuable Tool to Mitigate Aflatoxin Contamination of Both Maize and Groundnut Cultivated in Senegal." Plant Disease 104, no. 2: 510-520.
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB), caused by the fungus Bipolaris maydis, is a disease that significantly affects maize productivity across the globe. A detached leaf assay (DLA) was developed to rapidly assess maize resistance to SCLB. Several experiments were conducted to: (i) identify a highly virulent B. maydis isolate; and to determine the most appropriate (ii) phytohormone to maintain viability of maize leaf tissue, (iii) leaf age for the assay, and (iv) inoculum concentration. Once optimized, the DLA was compared with screenhouse and field experiments. Use of DLA required a maximum of 28 days for resistance assessment, in contrast to screenhouse and field tests at a minimum of 33 and 72 days, respectively. DLA positively correlated with screenhouse (r = 0.48, P = 0.08) and field experiments (r = 0.68, P = 0.008). Assessments of diverse B. maydis strains and host genotypes indicated that the DLA could be used to detect both highly virulent SCLB strains and highly resistant maize genotypes. Here we report that DLA is a rapid, reliable technique to screen maize resistance to SCLB. Use of this tool in maize breeding programs can speed up the process of identification of sources of resistance to multiple variants of SCLB.
Elizabeth Aregbesola; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Titilayo Falade; Gbolagade Jonathan; Sarah Hearne; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. A detached leaf assay to rapidly screen for resistance of maize to Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2019, 156, 133 -145.
AMA StyleElizabeth Aregbesola, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Titilayo Falade, Gbolagade Jonathan, Sarah Hearne, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. A detached leaf assay to rapidly screen for resistance of maize to Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2019; 156 (1):133-145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Aregbesola; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Titilayo Falade; Gbolagade Jonathan; Sarah Hearne; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2019. "A detached leaf assay to rapidly screen for resistance of maize to Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight." European Journal of Plant Pathology 156, no. 1: 133-145.
Aflatoxins pose significant food security and public health risks, decrease productivity and profitability of animal industries, and hamper trade. To minimize aflatoxin contamination in several crops, a biocontrol technology based on atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus is commercially used in the United States and some African countries. Significant efforts are underway to popularize the use of biocontrol in Africa by various means including incentives. The purpose of this study was to develop quantitative pyrosequencing assays for rapid, simultaneous quantification of proportions of four A. flavus biocontrol genotypes within complex populations of A. flavus associated with maize crops in Nigeria to facilitate payment of farmer incentives for Aflasafe (a biocontrol product) use. Protocols were developed to confirm use of Aflasafe by small scale farmers in Nigeria. Nested PCR amplifications followed by sequence by synthesis pyrosequencing assays were required to quantify frequencies of the active ingredients and, in so doing, confirm successful use of biocontrol by participating farmers. The entire verification process could be completed in 3–4 days proving a savings over other monitoring methods in both time and costs and providing data in a time frame that could work with the commercial agriculture scheme. Quantitative pyrosequencing assays represent a reliable tool for rapid detection, quantification, and monitoring of multiple A. flavus genotypes within complex fungal communities, satisfying the requirements of the regulatory community and crop end-users that wish to determine which purchased crops were treated with the biocontrol product. Techniques developed in the current study can be modified for monitoring other crop-associated fungi.
Kenneth C. Shenge; Bishwo N. Adhikari; Adebowale Akande; Kenneth A. Callicott; Joseph Atehnkeng; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; P. Lava Kumar; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Peter J. Cotty. Monitoring Aspergillus flavus Genotypes in a Multi-Genotype Aflatoxin Biocontrol Product With Quantitative Pyrosequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10, 2529 .
AMA StyleKenneth C. Shenge, Bishwo N. Adhikari, Adebowale Akande, Kenneth A. Callicott, Joseph Atehnkeng, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, P. Lava Kumar, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Peter J. Cotty. Monitoring Aspergillus flavus Genotypes in a Multi-Genotype Aflatoxin Biocontrol Product With Quantitative Pyrosequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10 ():2529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKenneth C. Shenge; Bishwo N. Adhikari; Adebowale Akande; Kenneth A. Callicott; Joseph Atehnkeng; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; P. Lava Kumar; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Peter J. Cotty. 2019. "Monitoring Aspergillus flavus Genotypes in a Multi-Genotype Aflatoxin Biocontrol Product With Quantitative Pyrosequencing." Frontiers in Microbiology 10, no. : 2529.
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), diverse fungi belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi frequently contaminate staple crops with aflatoxins. Aflatoxins negatively impact health, income, trade, food security, and development sectors. Aspergillus flavus is the most common causal agent of contamination. However, certain A. flavus genotypes do not produce aflatoxins (i.e., are atoxigenic). An aflatoxin biocontrol technology employing atoxigenic genotypes to limit crop contamination was developed in the United States. The technology was adapted and improved for use in maize and groundnut in SSA under the trademark Aflasafe. Nigeria was the first African nation for which an aflatoxin biocontrol product was developed. The current study includes tests to assess biocontrol performance across Nigeria over the past decade. The presented data on efficacy spans years in which a relatively small number of maize and groundnut fields (8–51 per year) were treated through use on circa 36,000 ha in commercially-produced maize in 2018. During the testing phase (2009–2012), fields treated during one year were not treated in the other years while during commercial usage (2013–2019), many fields were treated in multiple years. This is the first report of a large-scale, long-term efficacy study of any biocontrol product developed to date for a field crop. Most (>95%) of 213,406 tons of maize grains harvested from treated fields contained 90%) contained 80% less aflatoxin content than untreated crops. The frequency of the biocontrol active ingredient atoxigenic genotypes in grains from treated fields was significantly higher than in grains from control fields. A higher proportion of grains from treated fields met various aflatoxin standards compared to grains from untreated fields. Results indicate that efficacy of the biocontrol product in limiting aflatoxin contamination is stable regardless of environment and cropping system. In summary, the biocontrol technology allows farmers across Nigeria to produce safer crops for consumption and increases potential for access to premium markets that require aflatoxin-compliant crops.
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; Joseph Atehnkeng; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Adebowale Akande; Titilayo D. O. Falade; Peter J. Cotty. “Ground-Truthing” Efficacy of Biological Control for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Farmers’ Fields in Nigeria: From Field Trials to Commercial Usage, a 10-Year Study. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10, 2528 .
AMA StyleRanajit Bandyopadhyay, Joseph Atehnkeng, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Adebowale Akande, Titilayo D. O. Falade, Peter J. Cotty. “Ground-Truthing” Efficacy of Biological Control for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Farmers’ Fields in Nigeria: From Field Trials to Commercial Usage, a 10-Year Study. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10 ():2528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanajit Bandyopadhyay; Joseph Atehnkeng; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Adebowale Akande; Titilayo D. O. Falade; Peter J. Cotty. 2019. "“Ground-Truthing” Efficacy of Biological Control for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Farmers’ Fields in Nigeria: From Field Trials to Commercial Usage, a 10-Year Study." Frontiers in Microbiology 10, no. : 2528.
Maize is an important staple crop for the majority of the population in Uganda. However, in tropical and subtropical climates, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of cancer-causing and immuno-suppressive mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. In Uganda, there is limited knowledge about the causal agents of aflatoxin contamination. The current study determined both the aflatoxin levels in pre-harvest maize across Uganda and the structures of communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with the maize. A total of 256 pre-harvest maize samples were collected from 23 major maize-growing districts in eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ). Maize aflatoxin content ranged from 0 to 3760 ng/g although only around 5% for Ugandan thresholds. For EU it is about 16% of the samples contained aflatoxin concentrations above tolerance thresholds. A total of 3105 Aspergillus section Flavi isolates were recovered and these were dominated by the A. flavus L morphotype (89.4%). Densities of aflatoxin-producing fungi were negatively correlated with elevation. Farming systems and climatic conditions of the AEZ are thought to have influenced communities' structure composition. Fungi from different AEZ varied significantly in aflatoxin-producing abilities and several atoxigenic genotypes were identified. The extremely high aflatoxin concentrations detected in some of the studied regions indicate that management strategies should be urgently designed for use at the pre-harvest stage. Atoxigenic genotypes detected across Uganda could serve as aflatoxin biocontrol agents to reduce crop contamination from fields conditions and throughout the maize value chain.
Julius P. Sserumaga; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; John M. Wagacha; Charity K. Mutegi; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2019, 313, 108376 .
AMA StyleJulius P. Sserumaga, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, John M. Wagacha, Charity K. Mutegi, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2019; 313 ():108376.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulius P. Sserumaga; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; John M. Wagacha; Charity K. Mutegi; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2019. "Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda." International Journal of Food Microbiology 313, no. : 108376.
Coniothyrium glycines , the causal agent of red leaf blotch in soybeans, is considered a high-consequence biological agent. With limited genomic information known, there are no molecular genotyping or detection methods available. We report the draft genome sequences of three C. glycines isolates, greatly enhancing our knowledge of this species.
Trenna Blagden; Andres Espindola; Kitty Cardwell; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Draft Genome Sequences of Three Isolates of Coniothyrium glycines , Causal Agent of Red Leaf Blotch of Soybean. Microbiology Resource Announcements 2019, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleTrenna Blagden, Andres Espindola, Kitty Cardwell, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Draft Genome Sequences of Three Isolates of Coniothyrium glycines , Causal Agent of Red Leaf Blotch of Soybean. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2019; 8 (40):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrenna Blagden; Andres Espindola; Kitty Cardwell; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2019. "Draft Genome Sequences of Three Isolates of Coniothyrium glycines , Causal Agent of Red Leaf Blotch of Soybean." Microbiology Resource Announcements 8, no. 40: 1.
In warm agricultural areas across the globe, maize, groundnut, and other crops become frequently contaminated with aflatoxins produced primarily by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Crop contamination with those highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds impacts both human and animal health, as well as the income of farmers and trade. In Nigeria, poultry productivity is hindered by high prevalence of aflatoxins in feeds. A practical solution to decrease crop aflatoxin content is to use aflatoxin biocontrol products based on non-toxin-producing strains of A. flavus. The biocontrol product Aflasafe® was registered in 2014 for use in maize and groundnut grown in Nigeria. Its use allows the production of aflatoxin-safe maize and groundnut. A portion of the maize treated with Aflasafe in Nigeria is being used to manufacture feeds used by the poultry industry, and productivity is improving. One of the conditions to register Aflasafe with the national regulator was to demonstrate both the safety of Aflasafe-treated maize to avian species and the impact of Aflasafe as a public good. Results presented here demonstrate that the use of maize colonized by an atoxigenic strain of Aflasafe resulted in superior (p < 0.05) broiler performance in all evaluated parameters in comparison to broilers fed with toxigenic maize. Use of an aflatoxin-sequestering agent (ASA) was not sufficient to counteract the harmful effects of aflatoxins. Both the safety and public good value of Aflasafe were demonstrated during our study. In Nigeria, the availability of aflatoxin-safe crops as a result of using Aflasafe allows poultry producers to improve their productivity, their income, and the health of consumers of poultry products.
M. O. Samuel Aikore; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Daisy Eruvbetine; Joseph Atehnkeng; Titilayo D. O. Falade; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Performance of Broilers Fed with Maize Colonized by Either Toxigenic or Atoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus with and without an Aflatoxin-Sequestering Agent. Toxins 2019, 11, 565 .
AMA StyleM. O. Samuel Aikore, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Daisy Eruvbetine, Joseph Atehnkeng, Titilayo D. O. Falade, Peter J. Cotty, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Performance of Broilers Fed with Maize Colonized by Either Toxigenic or Atoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus with and without an Aflatoxin-Sequestering Agent. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. O. Samuel Aikore; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Daisy Eruvbetine; Joseph Atehnkeng; Titilayo D. O. Falade; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2019. "Performance of Broilers Fed with Maize Colonized by Either Toxigenic or Atoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus with and without an Aflatoxin-Sequestering Agent." Toxins 11, no. 10: 565.
Increasing knowledge of the deleterious health and economic impacts of aflatoxin in crop commodities has stimulated global interest in aflatoxin mitigation. Current evidence of the incidence of Aspergillus flavus isolates belonging to vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) lacking the ability to produce aflatoxins (i.e., atoxigenic) in Ghana may lead to the development of an aflatoxin biocontrol strategy to mitigate crop aflatoxin content. In this study, 12 genetically diverse atoxigenic African A. flavus VCGs (AAVs) were identified from fungal communities associated with maize and groundnut grown in Ghana. Representative isolates of the 12 AAVs were assessed for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin contamination by an aflatoxin-producing isolate in laboratory assays. Then, the 12 isolates were evaluated for their potential as biocontrol agents for aflatoxin mitigation when included in three experimental products (each containing four atoxigenic isolates). The three experimental products were evaluated in 50 maize and 50 groundnut farmers’ fields across three agroecological zones (AEZs) in Ghana during the 2014 cropping season. In laboratory assays, the atoxigenic isolates reduced aflatoxin biosynthesis by 87–98% compared to grains inoculated with the aflatoxin-producing isolate alone. In field trials, the applied isolates moved to the crops and had higher (P < 0.05) frequencies than other A. flavus genotypes. In addition, although at lower frequencies, most atoxigenic genotypes were repeatedly found in untreated crops. Aflatoxin levels in treated crops were lower by 70–100% in groundnut and by 50–100% in maize (P < 0.05) than in untreated crops. Results from the current study indicate that combined use of appropriate, well-adapted isolates of atoxigenic AAVs as active ingredients of biocontrol products effectively displace aflatoxin producers and in so doing limit aflatoxin contamination. A member each of eight atoxigenic AAVs with superior competitive potential and wide adaptation across AEZs were selected for further field efficacy trials in Ghana. A major criterion for selection was the atoxigenic isolate’s ability to colonize soils and grains after release in crop field soils. Use of isolates belonging to atoxigenic AAVs in biocontrol management strategies has the potential to improve food safety, productivity, and income opportunities for smallholder farmers in Ghana.
Daniel Agbetiameh; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Richard T. Awuah; Joseph Atehnkeng; Md-Sajedul Islam; Kenneth A. Callicott; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Potential of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Vegetative Compatibility Groups Associated With Maize and Groundnut in Ghana as Biocontrol Agents for Aflatoxin Management. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10, 2069 .
AMA StyleDaniel Agbetiameh, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Richard T. Awuah, Joseph Atehnkeng, Md-Sajedul Islam, Kenneth A. Callicott, Peter J. Cotty, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. Potential of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Vegetative Compatibility Groups Associated With Maize and Groundnut in Ghana as Biocontrol Agents for Aflatoxin Management. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10 ():2069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Agbetiameh; Alejandro Ortega-Beltran; Richard T. Awuah; Joseph Atehnkeng; Md-Sajedul Islam; Kenneth A. Callicott; Peter J. Cotty; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. 2019. "Potential of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Vegetative Compatibility Groups Associated With Maize and Groundnut in Ghana as Biocontrol Agents for Aflatoxin Management." Frontiers in Microbiology 10, no. : 2069.