Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are currently being developed as bioconversion agents for organic waste treatment. The resulting larvae or prepupae have a high protein and lipid content, primarily used as feed for fish, poultry, and other animals. The lipid content of BSF larvae/prepupae is influenced by the feed for growth and can reach up to 57.8%. BSF lipids mainly consist of medium-chain saturated fatty acids, with lauric acid (LA) being the dominant component. The LA content in BSF larvae/prepupae can be enhanced by incorporating or utilizing substrates containing highly digestible carbohydrates for larval growth. The LA content can reach 76.13% in larvae reared on fruit waste. LA has been reported to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Moreover, it has applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, body care, soaps and detergents, plastics, and textiles. This review aims to investigate the LA content in BSF larvae and explore its potential applications, thereby establishing BSF larvae/prepupae as a novel source of LA for diverse fields.

Nitrification is one of the most widely used methods to reduce ammonia concentration in wastewater.The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-concentrated ammonia nitrification by the consortium between commercial probiotics and bacteria from the sediment of the catfish pond. The study was conducted on batch system bioreactors with a working volume of 1 liter containing 100 mg/L ammonia solution and 50 grams sediment of catfish pond. This study used a treatment variation of the concentration of commercial probiotics and the bacterial isolate from the catfish pond sediment using glucose as the carbon source. The variations of commercial probiotics added to the bioreactor were 5 ml/L, 10 ml/L and 15 ml/L. The variations of glucose concentration were 0 g/L and 3,9 g/L. Analysis of ammonia concentration was carried out by spectrophotometry using the phenate method. The highest removal efficiency of ammonia was 92.35% in the bioreactor with a mixture of 15 ml/L commercial probiotics and 3.9 g/L glucose with the fastest ammonia rate was on the third day of the experimental period. The addition of glucose in the bioreactors could increase ammonia removal by 57.39%. The result of statistical analysis indicated that variations in the concentration of commercial probiotic indicated no statistically significant difference in ammonia removal (P 0.05), while variations in glucose concentration showed a statistically significant difference in ammonia removal (P 0.05). Three isolates were successfully isolated on specific media for nitrifying bacteria. The result of bacterial identification showed that three isolated bacteria were Bacillus sp., Aeromonas salmonicida, and Burkholderia cepacia.Keywords: ammonia, nitrification, sediment of catfish pond, commercial probioticABSTRAKNitrifikasi merupakan salah satu metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengurangi konsentrasi amonia pada limbah cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penambahan sedimen kolam lele dan probiotik komersial dalam nitrifikasi amonia konsentrasi tinggi. Penelitian menggunakan bioreaktor sistem batch dengan volume kerja 1 liter yang berisi larutan amonia 100 mg/L dan 50 gram sedimen kolam lele. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini terdiri dari pemberian variasi konsentrasi probiotik komersial dan sedimen kolam lele dengan sumber karbon glukosa. Variasi probiotik komersial yang ditambahkan pada bioreaktor adalah 5 ml/L, 10 ml/L dan 15 ml/L sedangkan variasi konsentrasi glukosa adalah 0 g/L dan 3,9 g/L. Analisis konsentrasi amonia dilakukan secara spektrofotometri menggunakan Metode Fenat. Hasil penurunan rata-rata amonia tertinggi adalah sebesar 92,35% pada bioreaktor dengan campuran probiotik komersial 15 ml/L dan glukosa 3,9 g/L dengan laju penurunan ammonia tercepat pada hari ke-3 periode eksperimen. Penambahan glukosa pada bioreaktor mampu meningkatkan penurunan amonia sebesar 57,39%. Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa variasi konsentrasi probiotik komersial tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada penurunan amonia (p0,05) sedangkan variasi konsentrasi glukosa menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap penurunan amonia (p0,05). Tiga isolat berhasil diisolasi menggunakan media spesifik bakteri nitrifikasi. Hasil identifikasi dari tiga bakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat tersebut adalah Bacillus sp., Aeromonas salmonicida dan Burkholderia cepacia.Kata kunci: amonia, nitrifikasi, sedimen kolam lele, probiotik komersial

Synthetic dyes are extensively used in the textile industry and represent a major source of environmental pollution due to the discharge of colored effluents into aquatic ecosystems. Conventional physical and chemical treatment methods are often ineffective in completely removing these dyes and may generate secondary pollutants or increase toxicity. Consequently, environmentally friendly and sustainable biological alternatives are required. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate indigenous fungi from dye-contaminated environments for the decolorization of Remazol Red (RR) dye. Fungal isolates were obtained from the Cibuluh River, Cisadane River, and textile industry wastewater treatment plants. Initial screening was performed on solid media containing RR dye, resulting in 45 fungal isolates, of which 15 demonstrated strong resistance and decolorization capability at elevated dye concentrations. Five promising isolates (TB1, TB3, TB4, SB1, and SB2) were further evaluated in liquid media containing RR at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 mg/L. Among the tested isolates, TB1, TB3, and TB4 exhibited the highest decolorization efficiencies, achieving nearly complete dye removal at lower concentrations and maintaining substantial activity even at higher levels within five days of incubation. Visual observations and spectrophotometric analyses confirmed effective dye removal. Morphological and molecular identification based on ITS sequencing revealed that SB1 was closely related to Aspergillus tamarii, SB2 to Aspergillus awamori, TB1 to Aspergillus niger, TB4 to Trametes polyzona, and TB3 to Cladosporium cladosporioides. This study highlights the strong potential of indigenous fungi as cost-effective and sustainable agents for textile dye bioremediation.

In liquid wastes, especially domestic wastewater, many organic substances are mixed causing water quality degradation, one of them is ammonia. Liquid wastes containing ammonia can be treated using an activated sludge system. One of the active sludge that can be used is shrimp pond sediments. This experiment investigated the performance of microbes in shrimp pond sediments with the addition of EM4 in nitrification process for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia concentration in a 8 L batch reactor capacity. The results show that the addition of shrimp pond sediment as the active sludge can remove high ammonia level almost completely and there is known interaction between time and variation of shrimp pond quantity (p value <0,05) to the decreasing of ammonia level. Efficiency of decreasing the concentration of ammonia up to 100% can be reached on the 15th day in each treatment. The addition of EM4 can shorten the decreasing of ammonia level by 50%. Keywords: Nitrification, Ammonia, Shrimp Pond Sediment, EM4, Activated Sludge

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ultra-persistent contaminants characterized by exceptional chemical stability, high mobility, and widespread environmental occurrence, posing significant challenges for remediation. Phytotechnology has emerged as a promising nature-based approach, yet its effectiveness is strongly governed by PFAS physicochemical properties and plant–soil interactions. This review provides a mechanistic synthesis linking PFAS environmental behavior with phytotechnology performance by examining PFAS sources, transport pathways, and structure-dependent properties that control persistence, partitioning, and mobility, with an emphasis on differences between short- and long-chain compounds. These characteristics determine bioavailability and influence treatment outcomes. Plant uptake mechanisms, including root absorption, xylem translocation, and tissue accumulation, are discussed alongside rhizosphere processes such as sorption, microbial interactions, and hydrological dynamics that regulate PFAS retention and redistribution. Current evidence indicates that phytotechnology functions primarily as a form of phytomanagement rather than a destructive solution, as mineralization is limited and field-scale treatment remains low. Instead, plant–soil–microbe systems reduce PFAS mobility and exposure through stabilization and sequestration. Future research should prioritize strategies for short-chain PFAS, integration with sorptive amendments, and data-driven approaches to optimize phytomanagement performance.