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Huanjie Cai
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest A & F University Yangling Shaanxi China

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Research article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Irrigation and Drainage
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Growth-stage-based deficit irrigation is an appropriate method when irrigation water is scarce. However, the effects of continuous deficit irrigation during the winter wheat growth period on crop physiological and biochemical processes need to be further evaluated. Five growth-stage-based deficit irrigation strategies were established and tested in winter wheat in the present study. The results showed that water stress resulted in a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate, but led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase activities and an increase in malondialdehyde and proline contents. A high Pn could be sustained when the relative water content of the soil was maintained within the range of 60%–75%. Pn was negatively correlated with antioxidant enzyme activity. Based on the averaged data from 2017 to 2019, all water stress treatment groups showed varying degrees of yield reduction compared to the control (CK). Though the T1 treatment (i.e., irrigation from jointing stage to filling stage with 240 mm of water) had the highest water productivity (2.19 kg m−3), its grain yield was only 7.01% lower than the CK treatment. The present results suggest that the T1 treatment is the better irrigation model for saving water and achieving high grain yield in winter wheat in this region.

ACS Style

Yuxin Cao; Huanjie Cai; Long Zhao. Effects of growth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation management on physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Northwest China *. Irrigation and Drainage 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Yuxin Cao, Huanjie Cai, Long Zhao. Effects of growth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation management on physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Northwest China *. Irrigation and Drainage. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuxin Cao; Huanjie Cai; Long Zhao. 2021. "Effects of growth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation management on physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Northwest China *." Irrigation and Drainage , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in Field Crops Research
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Ridge–furrow film mulching (RF) is an effective planting pattern to harvest rainwater, reduce evaporation, increase root-zone soil moisture and improve crop yield in arid regions of northwest China. Compared to flat planting without film mulching (FP), RF significantly enhances the yield and water and nitrogen (N) use efficiencies of winter wheat under the same irrigation and N inputs. However, whether RF can boost or maintain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and N use efficiency (NUE) of winter wheat with less irrigation and N supply remains unclear. Moreover, the irrigation-saving and N reduction potential for RF under different climatic (wet, normal and drought) years is unknown. From 2013–2016, field experiments with treatments of different planting patterns (RF and FP), irrigation (0, 90 and 180 mm; represented as I0, I1 and I2, respectively) and N (0, 140 and 210 kg ha−1; represented as N0, N1 and N2, respectively) application amounts were conducted to analyze the growth and physiological characteristics, yield, WUE and NUE of winter wheat. The results showed that the leaf area index, aboveground dry matter, leaf chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate were greatest for RFI2N2 (RF with 180 mm irrigation and 210 kg N ha−1) during the whole winter-wheat growing seasons. Eventually, RFI2N2 obtained 9.3–74.1 %, 19.5–81.1 % and 23.8–92.2 % significantly greater yield than other treatments in wet and cool, normal rainfall and temperature, and drought and heat years, respectively. Relative to FPI2N2 (FP with 180 mm irrigation and 210 kg N ha−1, and FPI2N2 is local conventional agricultural management for winter wheat), the irrigation and N reduction potential for RF differed for the three levels of annual rainfall. Treatment RFI0N1 (RF with no irrigation and 140 kg N ha−1) in wet and cool, and normal rainfall and temperature years, and RFI1N1 (RF with 90 mm irrigation and 140 kg N ha−1) in drought and heat years, had almost equal winter wheat yield, and achieved significantly greater WUE and NUE than FPI2N2. In addition, in wet and cool, and normal rainfall and temperature years, RFI1N1 had 14.6–17.7 %, 5.0–10.0 % and 16.2–30.5 % significantly greater yield, WUE and NUE than RFI0N1. Therefore, RFI1N1 could be considered as a favorable management for sustainable intensification of winter wheat production in northwest China, especially in drought and heat years and in areas where water resources are relatively abundant.

ACS Style

Xiaobo Gu; Huanjie Cai; Pengpeng Chen; Yupeng Li; Heng Fang; Yuannong Li. Ridge-furrow film mulching improves water and nitrogen use efficiencies under reduced irrigation and nitrogen applications in wheat field. Field Crops Research 2021, 270, 108214 .

AMA Style

Xiaobo Gu, Huanjie Cai, Pengpeng Chen, Yupeng Li, Heng Fang, Yuannong Li. Ridge-furrow film mulching improves water and nitrogen use efficiencies under reduced irrigation and nitrogen applications in wheat field. Field Crops Research. 2021; 270 ():108214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaobo Gu; Huanjie Cai; Pengpeng Chen; Yupeng Li; Heng Fang; Yuannong Li. 2021. "Ridge-furrow film mulching improves water and nitrogen use efficiencies under reduced irrigation and nitrogen applications in wheat field." Field Crops Research 270, no. : 108214.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Agricultural Water Management
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Drought propagation describes the changes in a drought signal as it moves from one major type of drought to another. It is important to investigate the propagation among meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought, as well as their major impacting factors, to improve understanding of the drought propagation relationship, monitor agricultural drought and reduce crop losses. This study presents the first exploration of the interplay between multiple droughts among different climate zones and seasons in China. The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), standardized runoff index (SRI) and self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) were used to represent meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the propagation relationships among different droughts and identify the most sensitive season for drought propagation. The Lindeman–Merenda–Gold (LMG) method was used to quantify the relative importance of PRE (precipitation), PET (potential evapotranspiration) and SM (soil moisture) to hydrological and agricultural drought. The propagation from meteorological to agricultural drought was prominent in different seasons at the annual scale over China. In general, the propagation relationship from agricultural to hydrological drought was weaker than that from meteorological to agricultural drought. In Northern China (arid and semi-arid areas), there was a stronger propagation relationship from agricultural to hydrological drought in summer and autumn than in spring. There was also stronger propagation from agricultural to hydrological drought in eastern China than in western China. Different climate regions had different major factors driving hydrological drought because of the different climate characteristics. However, SM was generally the most important driving factor for agricultural drought in all climate regions. Mulching plastic film might be an effective and feasible method to reduce PET from soil evaporation in sub-regions that apply high irrigation levels. These findings may also be applied to strengthen the study of artificial regulation of water resources, which could be an approach to reducing crop losses from drought.

ACS Style

Yibo Ding; Xinglong Gong; Zhenxiang Xing; Huanjie Cai; Zhaoqiang Zhou; Doudou Zhang; Peng Sun; Haiyun Shi. Attribution of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought propagation in different climatic regions of China. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 255, 106996 .

AMA Style

Yibo Ding, Xinglong Gong, Zhenxiang Xing, Huanjie Cai, Zhaoqiang Zhou, Doudou Zhang, Peng Sun, Haiyun Shi. Attribution of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought propagation in different climatic regions of China. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 255 ():106996.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yibo Ding; Xinglong Gong; Zhenxiang Xing; Huanjie Cai; Zhaoqiang Zhou; Doudou Zhang; Peng Sun; Haiyun Shi. 2021. "Attribution of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought propagation in different climatic regions of China." Agricultural Water Management 255, no. : 106996.

Research article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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Background As a common abiotic stress, water deficit stress has a negative impact on the growth and yield of many field crops worldwide. In this study, a mobile rain shelter experiment was conducted in the 2017–2019 growing seasons to investigate the effects of water stress at different growth stages on various traits in winter wheat, including plant height, leaf area index (LAI), biomass, radiation use efficiency(RUE), leaf photosynthetic traits, and yield. Results Three different limited irrigation treatments were applied: no irrigation at all stages (T0), no irrigation at the reviving and jointing stages (T1), and no irrigation at the heading and grain filling stages (T2). In all treatments, 2‐year averages showed that T1 resulted in the highest grain yield (6470 kg ha‐1). The plant height and LAI of winter wheat increased the order of T0 < T1 < T2. In addition, T1 increased post‐anthesis biomass. The net photosynthetic rate and RUE were significantly higher in T1 than in other treatments. T1 could improve leaf photosynthetic traits by increasing Gs, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, and qP, thus increasing RUE and grain yield. Conclusion We propose that irrigation at the heading and grain filling stages was the optimal limited irrigation practice for efficient radiation use and high yields in winter wheat in the arid and semi‐arid area of Northwest China.

ACS Style

Yuxin Cao; Huanjie Cai; Shikun Sun. Effects of growth‐stage‐based limited irrigation management on the growth, yields, and radiation utilization efficiency of winter wheat in northwest China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Yuxin Cao, Huanjie Cai, Shikun Sun. Effects of growth‐stage‐based limited irrigation management on the growth, yields, and radiation utilization efficiency of winter wheat in northwest China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuxin Cao; Huanjie Cai; Shikun Sun. 2021. "Effects of growth‐stage‐based limited irrigation management on the growth, yields, and radiation utilization efficiency of winter wheat in northwest China." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , no. : 1.

Model description paper
Published: 11 March 2021 in Geoscientific Model Development
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Root water uptake by plants is a vital process that influences terrestrial energy, water, and carbon exchanges. At the soil, vegetation, and atmosphere interfaces, root water uptake and solar radiation predominantly regulate the dynamics and health of vegetation growth, which can be remotely monitored by satellites, using the soil–plant relationship proxy – solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. However, most current canopy photosynthesis and fluorescence models do not account for root water uptake, which compromises their applications under water-stressed conditions. To address this limitation, this study integrated photosynthesis, fluorescence emission, and transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum system, via a simplified 1D root growth model and a resistance scheme linking soil, roots, leaves, and the atmosphere. The coupled model was evaluated with field measurements of maize and grass canopies. The results indicated that the simulation of land surface fluxes was significantly improved by the coupled model, especially when the canopy experienced moderate water stress. This finding highlights the importance of enhanced soil heat and moisture transfer, as well as dynamic root growth, on simulating ecosystem functioning.

ACS Style

Yunfei Wang; Yijian Zeng; Lianyu Yu; Peiqi Yang; Christiaan Van der Tol; Qiang Yu; Xiaoliang Lü; Huanjie Cai; Zhongbo Su. Integrated modeling of canopy photosynthesis, fluorescence, and the transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (STEMMUS–SCOPE v1.0.0). Geoscientific Model Development 2021, 14, 1379 -1407.

AMA Style

Yunfei Wang, Yijian Zeng, Lianyu Yu, Peiqi Yang, Christiaan Van der Tol, Qiang Yu, Xiaoliang Lü, Huanjie Cai, Zhongbo Su. Integrated modeling of canopy photosynthesis, fluorescence, and the transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (STEMMUS–SCOPE v1.0.0). Geoscientific Model Development. 2021; 14 (3):1379-1407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunfei Wang; Yijian Zeng; Lianyu Yu; Peiqi Yang; Christiaan Van der Tol; Qiang Yu; Xiaoliang Lü; Huanjie Cai; Zhongbo Su. 2021. "Integrated modeling of canopy photosynthesis, fluorescence, and the transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (STEMMUS–SCOPE v1.0.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 3: 1379-1407.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Drought can lead to considerable agricultural, ecological, and societal damage. Improving our understanding of the propagation relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought is necessary to lessen drought impacts. The different drought responses and underlying mechanisms among different climate types are not yet sufficiently understood. By applying the standardized precipitation index and standardized runoff index, we investigated the propagation relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought. Because of short-term response between meteorological and hydrological droughts, the propagation time was considered among time scales of 1–12 months. Wavelet analysis was employed to examine the two types of drought from 1902 to 2014. Our results showed that arid environments had a weaker propagation relationship than moist environments. There was a stronger relationship between the two types of drought in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. The climate was not the only factor impacting drought propagation; land (cover and topographic feature) may also impact propagation time and intensity from meteorological to hydrological drought. This study analyzed and highlighted that the most susceptible regions in China and global scale, respectively. The most susceptible regions were tropical and subtropical Chinese southern zones in China and equatorial and warm temperate climate zones in global; however, arid climate zones showed little interaction between the two kinds of drought. Other factors that impact drought propagation, such as land cover, landforms, and human activity, should be considered in future research.

ACS Style

Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Zhaoqiang Zhou; Yanan Sun; Haiyun Shi. Propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought for different climate regions in China. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 283, 111980 .

AMA Style

Yibo Ding, Jiatun Xu, Xiaowen Wang, Huanjie Cai, Zhaoqiang Zhou, Yanan Sun, Haiyun Shi. Propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought for different climate regions in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 283 ():111980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Zhaoqiang Zhou; Yanan Sun; Haiyun Shi. 2021. "Propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought for different climate regions in China." Journal of Environmental Management 283, no. : 111980.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Deficit irrigation strategy is essential for sustainable agricultural development in arid regions. A two−year deficit irrigation field experiment was conducted to study the water dynamics of winter wheat under deficit irrigation in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Three irrigation levels were implemented during four growth stages of winter wheat: 100%, 80% and 60% of actual evapotranspiration (ET) measured by the lysimeter with sufficient irrigation treatment (CK). The agro−hydrological model soil−water−atmosphere−plant (SWAP) was used to simulate the components of the farmland water budget. Sensitivity analysis for parameters of SWAP indicated that the saturated water content and water content shape factor n were more sensitive than the other parameters. The verification results showed that the SWAP model accurately simulated soil water content (average relative error (MRE) < 21.66%, root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.07 cm3 cm−3) and ET (R2 = 0.975, p < 0.01). Irrigation had an important impact on actual plant transpiration, but the actual soil evaporation had little change among different treatments. The average deep percolation was 14.54 mm and positively correlated with the total irrigation amount. The model established using path analysis and regression methods for estimating ET performed well (R2 = 0.727, p < 0.01). This study provided effective guidance for SWAP model parameter calibration and a convenient way to accurately estimate ET with fewer variables.

ACS Style

Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Liang Li; Xiaoyun Wang. Estimating Soil Water Content and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Based on SWAP Model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9451 .

AMA Style

Xiaowen Wang, Huanjie Cai, Liang Li, Xiaoyun Wang. Estimating Soil Water Content and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Based on SWAP Model. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Liang Li; Xiaoyun Wang. 2020. "Estimating Soil Water Content and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Based on SWAP Model." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9451.

Original article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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Agricultural adaptation is crucial for sustainable farming amid global climate change. By harnessing projected climate data and using crop modeling techniques, the future trends of food production can be predicted and better adaptation strategies can be assessed. The main objective of this study is to analyze the maize yield response to future climate projections in the Guanzhong Plain, China, by employing multiple crop models and determining the effects of irrigation and planting date adaptations. Five crop models (APSIM, AquaCrop, DSSAT, EPIC, and STICS) were used to simulate maize (Zea mays L.) yield under projected climate conditions during the 2030s, 2050s, and 2070s, based on the combination of 17 General Circulation Models (GCMs) and two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 6.0 and 8.5). Simulated scenarios included elevated and constant CO2 levels under current adaptation (no change from current irrigation amount, planting date, and fertilizer rate), irrigation adaptation, planting date adaptation, and irrigation-planting date adaptations. Results from both maize-producing districts showed that current adaptation practices led to a decrease in the average yield of 19%, 27%, and 33% (relative to baseline yield) during the 2030s, 2050s, and 2070s, respectively. The future yield was projected to increase by 1.1–23.2%, 1.0–22.3%, and 2–31% under irrigation, delayed planting date, and double adaptation strategies, respectively. Adaptation strategies were found effective for increasing the future average yield. We conclude that maize yield in the Guanzhong Plain can be improved under future climate change conditions if irrigation and planting adaptation strategies are used in conjunction.

ACS Style

Qaisar Saddique; Huanjie Cai; Jiatun Xu; Ali Ajaz; Jianqiang He; Qiang Yu; Yunfei Wang; Hui Chen; Muhammad Imran Khan; De Li Liu; Liang He. Analyzing adaptation strategies for maize production under future climate change in Guanzhong Plain, China. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2020, 25, 1523 -1543.

AMA Style

Qaisar Saddique, Huanjie Cai, Jiatun Xu, Ali Ajaz, Jianqiang He, Qiang Yu, Yunfei Wang, Hui Chen, Muhammad Imran Khan, De Li Liu, Liang He. Analyzing adaptation strategies for maize production under future climate change in Guanzhong Plain, China. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2020; 25 (8):1523-1543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qaisar Saddique; Huanjie Cai; Jiatun Xu; Ali Ajaz; Jianqiang He; Qiang Yu; Yunfei Wang; Hui Chen; Muhammad Imran Khan; De Li Liu; Liang He. 2020. "Analyzing adaptation strategies for maize production under future climate change in Guanzhong Plain, China." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25, no. 8: 1523-1543.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Climate change poses great challenges for food security and water use. This study aimed to investigate the response of winter wheat in Northern China to climate change and propose corresponding strategies to maintain yield and crop water productivity (WPc). Climate model projections from the fifth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were used to drive the process-based soil–water–atmosphere–plant (SWAP) agro-hydrological model. The SWAP parameters were optimized by the Parameter Estimation program (PEST), which extended the crop model to the regional scale. SWAP was used to simulate responses of crop growth, evapotranspiration (ET), and yield to baseline (2006–2012) climate and two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for future climate conditions. The results indicated that PEST had high optimization efficiency and calibrated SWAP performed well (average relative error < 20.87 % and normalized root mean square error < 25.83 %). Compared with baseline, the maximum and minimum temperatures increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 6.47°C and 8.59°C, respectively. The cumulative precipitation during the growing season increased by 303.22–316.12 mm. Warming significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the growth period of winter wheat by 25.3–34.7 days, especially in the emergence–heading stage. Path analysis revealed that significant (P < 0.05) change of precipitation was a determining factor in increasing ET. The adverse effect of temperature increase offset the promotion of yield due to radiation, and ultimately led to a yield reduction of 35.57–41.14 %. The optimization scenario indicated that late-maturing varieties and irrigation adjustment could improve yield (up to 38.21 %) and WPc (up to 44.30 %) under future climate conditions. Implementing irrigation at an early growing stage (joining and heading) was beneficial to increase yield and WPc. We recommend combining late-maturing varieties with irrigation adjustments to maintain yield and WPc under future climate conditions.

ACS Style

Xiaowen Wang; Liang Li; Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Yunfei Wang; Yan Zhu; Xiaoyun Wang; Huanjie Cai. Adaptation of winter wheat varieties and irrigation patterns under future climate change conditions in Northern China. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106409 .

AMA Style

Xiaowen Wang, Liang Li, Yibo Ding, Jiatun Xu, Yunfei Wang, Yan Zhu, Xiaoyun Wang, Huanjie Cai. Adaptation of winter wheat varieties and irrigation patterns under future climate change conditions in Northern China. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaowen Wang; Liang Li; Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Yunfei Wang; Yan Zhu; Xiaoyun Wang; Huanjie Cai. 2020. "Adaptation of winter wheat varieties and irrigation patterns under future climate change conditions in Northern China." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106409.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Uncertainty in the availability of water supply pose challenges to traditional irrigation approaches. Regulating the amount and time of irrigation at different crop growth stages could provide a solution to optimize the irrigation water amid drought periods. This study evaluated the effect of different deficit irrigation levels on maize (Zea mays L.) at several growth phases over two growing seasons (2012 and 2013) in Yangling, Shaanxi province of China. Total nine irrigation treatments incorporated three irrigation amount ratios, i.e., control irrigation (CK, 100 % of crop evapotranspiration), and 80 % and 60 % of control irrigation; named as T2–T9. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield ranged from 6392 to 9362 kg ha–1 and seasonal water use efficiency (WUE) varied from 20.3 to 34.9 kg ha–1 mm–1, whereas the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) ranged between 32.0 and 58.1 kg ha–1 mm–1. T2 that received 80 % irrigation between V8 and R6 growth stage had overall higher yield than CK, and this was closely followed by T4 that received 80 % irrigation at growth phase V3-V8 and V11-Tasseling, full irrigation at V8-V11, and 60 % irrigation between Tasseling and Maturity. Due to near optimum growing season temperature in 2013, larger WUE was noted in comparison to 2012, that resulted 16 % larger yield with 10 % lesser ETc, on an average, whereas 2012 growing season had better IWUE because of 37.5 % smaller irrigation consumption. Maize grain yield in response to water stress (Ky, the yield response factor) was 0.66, suggesting that the environmental conditions of the study area favor the application of deficit irrigation. The maize yield response to reduced irrigation supply in this experiment indicated that regulated deficit irrigation might help growers to cope with decline in water availability during growing season.

ACS Style

Yufeng Zou; Qaisar Saddique; Ajaz Ali; Jiatun Xu; Muhammad Imran Khan; Mu Qing; Muhammad Azmat; Huanjie Cai; Kadambot H.M. Siddique. Deficit irrigation improves maize yield and water use efficiency in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106483 .

AMA Style

Yufeng Zou, Qaisar Saddique, Ajaz Ali, Jiatun Xu, Muhammad Imran Khan, Mu Qing, Muhammad Azmat, Huanjie Cai, Kadambot H.M. Siddique. Deficit irrigation improves maize yield and water use efficiency in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yufeng Zou; Qaisar Saddique; Ajaz Ali; Jiatun Xu; Muhammad Imran Khan; Mu Qing; Muhammad Azmat; Huanjie Cai; Kadambot H.M. Siddique. 2020. "Deficit irrigation improves maize yield and water use efficiency in a semi-arid environment." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106483.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Studying the physiological responses of winter wheat to drought is conducive to learning to utilize biological water-saving technologies, such as regulating deficit irrigation and obtaining higher water use efficiency (WUE). However, the close relationship between the trend of responses of physiological functions in wheat and changes in soil moisture merits further study. In this study, a two-season pot experiment with three levels of water deficit (45 %–75 % FC, field capacity) was established at three growth stages, based on the theory that the drought-resistant physiological functions of winter wheat could respond to regulated deficit irrigation. The goal was to explore the effects of short-term drought-re-watering on yield and WUE and the sensitivity of wheat leaf physiological indicators to reflect changes in soil moisture. The results showed that the short-term drought in different periods after the jointing period reduced the yield of winter wheat by 2.03 %–64.39 % compared with the treatment of an adequate supply of water (75 %–85 % FC). Priority should be placed on ensuring irrigation during the jointing and filling periods. Treatments that experienced drought during the heading period (55 %–75 % FC) and then recovered to 75 %–85 % FC after flowering can improve the WUE by 5 %–22 %. The physiological function of drought resistance in winter wheat leaves responds noticeably to drought and the re-watering process in the range of 45 %–85 % FC. The maximum values of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase and the contents of malondialdehyde and proline (Pro) during drought increased by 51.9 %, 15.1 %, 40.4 %, and 157.2 %, respectively, compared with those of the control group. The activity of catalase primarily increased after rehydration, and the maximum value was 1.5-fold that of the control group. After 14 days of rehydration, the physiological index values ​​of multiple treatments can be restored to the level of control, which proves that the physiological response within the range of 45 %–85 % FC water change is reversible. Based on the experimental data of the two seasons, the changes in activity of SOD and content of Pro more effectively reflect the changes in soil moisture than the other indicators (ROC analysis, AUC = 0.720−0.978) and have a significant correlation with yield (P < 0.05). Therefore, they can be considered as physiological reference tools to monitor the effect of irrigation and adjust its strategy.

ACS Style

Qing Mu; Huanjie Cai; Shikun Sun; Shanshan Wen; Jiatun Xu; Mengqi Dong; Qaisar Saddique. The physiological response of winter wheat under short-term drought conditions and the sensitivity of different indices to soil water changes. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106475 .

AMA Style

Qing Mu, Huanjie Cai, Shikun Sun, Shanshan Wen, Jiatun Xu, Mengqi Dong, Qaisar Saddique. The physiological response of winter wheat under short-term drought conditions and the sensitivity of different indices to soil water changes. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qing Mu; Huanjie Cai; Shikun Sun; Shanshan Wen; Jiatun Xu; Mengqi Dong; Qaisar Saddique. 2020. "The physiological response of winter wheat under short-term drought conditions and the sensitivity of different indices to soil water changes." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106475.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2020 in Atmosphere
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The ongoing global warming and changing patterns of precipitation have significant implications for crop yields. Process-based models are the most commonly used method to assess the impacts of projected climate changes on crop yields. In this study, the crop-environment resource synthesis (CERES)-Maize 4.6.7 model was used to project the maize crop yield in the Shaanxi Province of China over future periods. In this context, the downscaled ensemble projections of 17 general circulation models (GCMs) under four representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) were used as input for the calibrated CERES-Maize model. Results showed a negative correlation between temperature and maize yield in the study area. It is expected that each 1.0 °C rise in seasonal temperature will cause up to a 9% decrease in the yield. However, the influence of CO2 fertilization showed a positive response, as witnessed by the increase in the crop yield. With CO2 fertilization, the average increase in the maize crop yield compared to without CO2 fertilization per three decades was 10.5%, 11.6%, TA7.8%, and 6.5% under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. An elevated CO2 concentration showed a pronounced positive impact on the rain-fed maize yield compared to the irrigated maize yield. The average water use efficiency (WUE) was better at elevated CO2 concentrations and improved by 7–21% relative to the without CO2 fertilization of the WUE. Therefore, future climate changes with elevated CO2 are expected to be favorable for maize yields in the Shaanxi Province of China, and farmers can expect further benefits in the future from growing maize.

ACS Style

Qaisar Saddique; Muhammad Khan; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Xu Jiatun; Muhammad Waseem; Thomas Gaiser; Muhammad Mohsin Waqas; Ijaz Ahmad; Li Chong; Huanjie Cai. Effects of Elevated Air Temperature and CO2 on Maize Production and Water Use Efficiency under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Shaanxi Province, China. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 843 .

AMA Style

Qaisar Saddique, Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman, Xu Jiatun, Muhammad Waseem, Thomas Gaiser, Muhammad Mohsin Waqas, Ijaz Ahmad, Li Chong, Huanjie Cai. Effects of Elevated Air Temperature and CO2 on Maize Production and Water Use Efficiency under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Shaanxi Province, China. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (8):843.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qaisar Saddique; Muhammad Khan; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Xu Jiatun; Muhammad Waseem; Thomas Gaiser; Muhammad Mohsin Waqas; Ijaz Ahmad; Li Chong; Huanjie Cai. 2020. "Effects of Elevated Air Temperature and CO2 on Maize Production and Water Use Efficiency under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Shaanxi Province, China." Atmosphere 11, no. 8: 843.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2020 in Atmosphere
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Wheat plays a very important role in China’s agriculture. The wheat grain yields are affected by the growing period that is determined by temperature, precipitation, and field management, such as planting date and cultivar species. Here, we used the CSM-CERES-Wheat model along with different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and two global circulation models (GCMs) to simulate different impacts on the winter wheat that caused by changing climate for 2025 and 2050 projections for Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Our results showed that it is obvious that there is a warming trend in Guanzhong Plain; the mean temperature for the different scenarios increased up to 3.8 °C. Furthermore, the precipitation varied in the year; in general, the rainfall in February and August was increased, while it decreased in April, October and November. However, the solar radiation was found to be greatly reduced in the Guanzhong Plain. Compared to the reference year, the results showed that the number of days to maturity was shortened 3–24 days, and the main reason was the increased temperature during the winter wheat growing period. Moreover, five planting dates (from October 7 to 27 with five days per step) were applied to simulate the final yield and to select an appropriate planting date for the study area. The yield changed smallest based on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)-CM3 (−6.5, −5.3, −4.2 based on RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) for 2025 when planting on October 27. Farmers might have to plant the crop before October 27.

ACS Style

Zhen Zheng; Huanjie Cai; Zikai Wang; Xinkun Wang. Simulation of Climate Change Impacts on Phenology and Production of Winter Wheat in Northwestern China Using CERES-Wheat Model. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 681 .

AMA Style

Zhen Zheng, Huanjie Cai, Zikai Wang, Xinkun Wang. Simulation of Climate Change Impacts on Phenology and Production of Winter Wheat in Northwestern China Using CERES-Wheat Model. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (7):681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Zheng; Huanjie Cai; Zikai Wang; Xinkun Wang. 2020. "Simulation of Climate Change Impacts on Phenology and Production of Winter Wheat in Northwestern China Using CERES-Wheat Model." Atmosphere 11, no. 7: 681.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2020 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Climate change in China would cause change into precipitation patterns and rise in temperature. The assessment of climate change impact on Chinese wheat production is needed for both rainfed and irrigated farming in order to maintain wheat self-sufficiency and to assure future food demand. The current study assesses the future trends of wheat yield in Guanzhong Plain, China by employing the calibrated Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)-wheat model and using the downscaled daily climate projections for 32 general circulation models (GCMs), under two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Simulations were carried out for rainfed cropping and various levels of irrigation for future time windows of 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s. The climate projections show an overall gradual increase in future temperature and precipitation for the region. It was found that the climate change would shorten the growing period of winter wheat, as the flowering shifted back on an average by 8–18 days and 10–34 days, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Similarly, maturity date shifted back on an average by 8–16 days and 10–32 days under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. An improvement in the future rainfed winter wheat yield was noted for all simulation time periods, and the average yield increase was 6.75 %, 21.5 % and 26.5 % for 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s, respectively. Irrigation provided at a threshold of 10 % and 20 % of plant available water capacity (PAWC) was found suitable to be used as supplementary irrigation, and it resulted an overall improvement of 27 % in rainfed yield. Any increase in yield for irrigation provision beyond 20 % PAWC threshold was not statistically significant. It was found that the optimum irrigation amount with high water use efficiency (WUE) would range from 90 mm to 132 mm and up to 56 % of water can be saved by avoiding irrigation with thresholds over 20 % PAWC. These results could help policy makers and farmers to adapt accordingly in future, ensuring the sustainable and improved wheat production in this region.

ACS Style

Qaisar Saddique; De Li Liu; Bin Wang; Puyu Feng; Jianqiang He; Ali Ajaz; Jianmei Ji; Jiatun Xu; Chao Zhang; Huanjie Cai. Modelling future climate change impacts on winter wheat yield and water use: A case study in Guanzhong Plain, northwestern China. European Journal of Agronomy 2020, 119, 126113 .

AMA Style

Qaisar Saddique, De Li Liu, Bin Wang, Puyu Feng, Jianqiang He, Ali Ajaz, Jianmei Ji, Jiatun Xu, Chao Zhang, Huanjie Cai. Modelling future climate change impacts on winter wheat yield and water use: A case study in Guanzhong Plain, northwestern China. European Journal of Agronomy. 2020; 119 ():126113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qaisar Saddique; De Li Liu; Bin Wang; Puyu Feng; Jianqiang He; Ali Ajaz; Jianmei Ji; Jiatun Xu; Chao Zhang; Huanjie Cai. 2020. "Modelling future climate change impacts on winter wheat yield and water use: A case study in Guanzhong Plain, northwestern China." European Journal of Agronomy 119, no. : 126113.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Aerated irrigation (AI) is a method to mitigate rhizosphere hypoxia caused by the wetting front from subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). This study evaluated the impacts of AI on soil aeration, plant growth performance, fruit yield (tomato), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit nutrition (lycopene and Vitamin C (VC)) and taste (soluble sugar, organic acid and sugar–acid ratio) quality. A three-factorial experiment including AI and SDI at three irrigation levels (W0.6, W0.8 and W1.0, corresponding with crop-pan coefficients of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) and two dripper depths (D15 and D25, burial at 15 and 25 cm, respectively), totaling 12 treatments overall, was conducted in a greenhouse during the tomato-growing season (April–July) in 2016. The AI improved soil aeration conditions, with significantly increased soil oxygen concentration and air-filled porosity relative to SDI. Moreover, the AI improved crop growth performance, with increased root morphology (diameter, length density, surface area and volume density), delayed flowering time, prolonged flowering duration and increased shoot (leaf, stem and fruit) dry weight, and harvest index. Fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, IWUE, the contents of lycopene, VC and soluble sugar, and sugar–acid ratio significantly increased under AI treatments (P < 0.05). As the irrigation level increased, fruit yield, number, and weight increased (P < 0.05), but IWUE and fruit lycopene, soluble sugar, and organic acid content decreased (P < 0.05). The dripper depth had no significant impact on fruit yield, nutrition and taste quality. Principal component analysis revealed that the optimal three treatments in terms of fruit yield, IWUE, and nutrition and taste quality were the treatments W0.6D25AI, W1.0D25AI and W1.0D15AI. These results suggest that AI can improve tomato growth performance and increase fruit yield, nutrition and taste quality, and IWUE through enhancing soil aeration conditions.

ACS Style

Yan Zhu; Huanjie Cai; Libing Song; Xiaowen Wang; Zihui Shang; Yanan Sun. Aerated Irrigation of Different Irrigation Levels and Subsurface Dripper Depths Affects Fruit Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2703 .

AMA Style

Yan Zhu, Huanjie Cai, Libing Song, Xiaowen Wang, Zihui Shang, Yanan Sun. Aerated Irrigation of Different Irrigation Levels and Subsurface Dripper Depths Affects Fruit Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Zhu; Huanjie Cai; Libing Song; Xiaowen Wang; Zihui Shang; Yanan Sun. 2020. "Aerated Irrigation of Different Irrigation Levels and Subsurface Dripper Depths Affects Fruit Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2703.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Land surface vegetation dynamics are strongly affected by drought. Thus, understanding the responses of vegetation to drought can inform measures to increase biome stability. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) were utilized to investigate the relationship between vegetation activity and drought across different drought regions and ecological community types from 1982 to 2015. Our results showed that the highest correlation between monthly NDVI and PDSI at different timescales (1–36 months) indicated the degree of drought impact on vegetation. There were diverse responses of vegetation to drought according to the drought features and climatic environment. The northern grassland, cropland, and desert ecosystems were strongly impacted by drought. These vegetation ecosystems had a low sensitivity to drought in southern China. Drought had the strongest impact on grassland in summer, which is the high frequency drought season. The most susceptible ecosystem types to drought were those with homogenous vegetation, especially under long-term drought conditions (such as the Inner Mongolia Plateau dominated by grassland). Under global warming, drought with high-temperature characteristics is expected to become more frequent and severe. Such drought could threaten the survival of plateau grassland, arid plain grassland, and rain-fed cropland, as high temperatures accelerate evaporation, leading to water deficit. However, moist forests showed little threat under normal drought. We suggest that future research should focus on vegetation activity in northern and southwestern China, where the vegetation shows the greatest sensitivity to drought.

ACS Style

Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Xiaowen Wang; Xiongbiao Peng; Huanjie Cai. Spatial and temporal effects of drought on Chinese vegetation under different coverage levels. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 716, 137166 .

AMA Style

Yibo Ding, Jiatun Xu, Xiaowen Wang, Xiongbiao Peng, Huanjie Cai. Spatial and temporal effects of drought on Chinese vegetation under different coverage levels. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 716 ():137166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yibo Ding; Jiatun Xu; Xiaowen Wang; Xiongbiao Peng; Huanjie Cai. 2020. "Spatial and temporal effects of drought on Chinese vegetation under different coverage levels." Science of The Total Environment 716, no. : 137166.

Article
Published: 10 January 2020 in Agronomy Journal
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The spatial and temporal distribution of root water uptake (RWU) under deficit irrigation are critical factors for crop growth. The SWAP (soil–water–atmosphere–plant) model was applied to analyze the pattern of RWU for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under three irrigation levels: no water deficit (100% evapotranspiration [ET]), moderate water deficit (80% ET) and severe water deficit (60% ET). The 2–yr experiments indicated that SWAP was highly accurate (mean relative error [MRE] jointing to heading > grain filling to maturity > heading to grain filling. Recovery time of RWU was 2 to 11 d and gradually increased with growth stage. The simplified RWU model established using path analysis and regression performed well (R2 = 0.836; P < 0.01) for RWU. This provided a more convenient way to accurately estimate RWU with fewer variables.

ACS Style

Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Zhen Zheng; Lianyu Yu; Zishen Wang; Liang Li. Modelling root water uptake under deficit irrigation and rewetting in Northwest China. Agronomy Journal 2020, 112, 158 -174.

AMA Style

Xiaowen Wang, Huanjie Cai, Zhen Zheng, Lianyu Yu, Zishen Wang, Liang Li. Modelling root water uptake under deficit irrigation and rewetting in Northwest China. Agronomy Journal. 2020; 112 (1):158-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaowen Wang; Huanjie Cai; Zhen Zheng; Lianyu Yu; Zishen Wang; Liang Li. 2020. "Modelling root water uptake under deficit irrigation and rewetting in Northwest China." Agronomy Journal 112, no. 1: 158-174.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2019 in Soil and Tillage Research
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Appropriate irrigation and nitrogen (N) management practices should be implemented to obtain high grain yields while considering the influence of water and N leaching on groundwater in the intensively cropped winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)-maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system. The calibrated RZWQM2 model was used to explore long-term (1984–2017) effects of irrigation and N fertilization on crop yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, deep percolation water (DPW), N leaching loss (NLL), and their effects on deep soil layers (2−30 m) in this rotation system in the Jinghui Canal irrigation area of the Guanzhong Plain in China. Results showed that crop yields increased with increasing N rate. The critical N application rates of 140 and 240 kg N ha−1 coupled with 75 and 90 mm of irrigation for maize and wheat, respectively, resulted in high yields (7535 and 8977 kg ha−1), water use efficiency (2.22, 2.07 kg m-3), and nitrogen use efficiency (44.56, 40.78 kg kg−1). The simulated DPW values were 69 and 110 mm for maize and wheat, respectively, and NLL values were 25.36 and 25.47 kg ha−1. Crop yield and NLL for wheat were more sensitive to N application timing than maize yield and NLL, indicating that split N applications of two application times and three application times for maize and wheat, respectively, could be a more effective way of applying N fertilizer. DPW fluxes increased from 0.021-0.024 (varied over the 2−30 m depth) to 0.107-0.110 mm d−1 for irrigation ranging from 60 to 135 mm. The response times for DPW to be observed at the groundwater depth of 30 m could range from one year to more than two years, with DPW velocities of 0.034 and 0.077 m d−1 for 60 and 135 mm irrigation application amounts, respectively. NLL flux increased with added irrigation and N application rate, while decreasing exponentially with soil depth. Annual recharge of NO3-N to the groundwater (0.15–6.2 kg N ha−1) with lower irrigation amounts (60−90 mm) could be neglected, but higher irrigations (≥105 mm) even with lower N application rates could cause groundwater contamination. Therefore, comprehensively considering the effects of irrigation and fertilization practices on grain yields and groundwater could improve the sustainability of the agro-hydrological environment and agricultural production.

ACS Style

Jiatun Xu; Xiaoyun Wang; Yibo Ding; Qing Mu; Huanjie Cai; Chenguang Ma; Qaisar Saddique. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization management on crop yields and long-term dynamic characteristics of water and nitrogen transport at deep soil depths. Soil and Tillage Research 2019, 198, 104536 .

AMA Style

Jiatun Xu, Xiaoyun Wang, Yibo Ding, Qing Mu, Huanjie Cai, Chenguang Ma, Qaisar Saddique. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization management on crop yields and long-term dynamic characteristics of water and nitrogen transport at deep soil depths. Soil and Tillage Research. 2019; 198 ():104536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiatun Xu; Xiaoyun Wang; Yibo Ding; Qing Mu; Huanjie Cai; Chenguang Ma; Qaisar Saddique. 2019. "Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization management on crop yields and long-term dynamic characteristics of water and nitrogen transport at deep soil depths." Soil and Tillage Research 198, no. : 104536.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2019 in Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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To ameliorate soil oxygen deficiencies around subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) drippers, aerated irrigation (AI) was introduced to supply aerated water to the soil through venturi installed in the SDI pipeline. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of AI on soil respiration (SR), air-filled porosity (AFP), soil temperature (ST), and oxygen concentrations (OCC). Total soil respiration (TSR), biological activity temperature index (BAT), and soil oxygen consumption (OCS) based on SR, ST, and OCC, respectively, were subsequently calculated to explore the relationships between TSR, BAT, OCS, OCC, and AFP. Greenhouse-based experiments included two treatments: AI and unaerated SDI (CK), during the tomato growing season in the fall of 2015. The results showed that compared with CK, AI treatment significantly increased OCC and AFP (by 16 and 7.4%, respectively), as well as TSR and OCS (by 24.21 and 22.91%, respectively) (P<0.05). Mean fruit yield with AI treatment was also 23% higher (P<0.05) than that with CK. When BAT was controlled, partial correlations between TSR, OCS, OCC, and AFP were all significant in the AI treatment but not in the CK treatment. TSR was more sensitive to the interaction effects of OCC, OCS, AFP, and BAT under the AI treatment. Thus, the significantly increased TSR with AI appeared to be due to the favorable soil aeration conditi ons (higher OCC and AFP). Furthermore, the improvements in soil aeration conditions and respiration with AI appeared to facilitate the improvement in fruit yields, which also suggests the economic benefits of AI.

ACS Style

Yan Zhu; Miles Dyck; Huan-Jie Cai; Li-Bing Song; Hui Chen. The effects of aerated irrigation on soil respiration, oxygen, and porosity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019, 18, 2854 -2868.

AMA Style

Yan Zhu, Miles Dyck, Huan-Jie Cai, Li-Bing Song, Hui Chen. The effects of aerated irrigation on soil respiration, oxygen, and porosity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2019; 18 (12):2854-2868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Zhu; Miles Dyck; Huan-Jie Cai; Li-Bing Song; Hui Chen. 2019. "The effects of aerated irrigation on soil respiration, oxygen, and porosity." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18, no. 12: 2854-2868.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Agricultural Water Management
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Irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization play important roles in grain yield. However, amounts supplied in excess of crop demand are responsible for water and N leaching during intensive agricultural production. A three-year winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation experiment involving varied irrigation and N fertilization treatments was conducted in the Jinghui Canal irrigation area of Guanzhong Plain in China. To develop a more sustainable agroecosystem taking into account crop yields, deep percolation and N leaching, the RZWQM2 model was used to simulate crop production. Various irrigation and N fertilization strategies were simulated to obtain high crop yields and to reduce water and N leaching in different precipitation years, using long-term historical weather data spanning 57 years (1961–2017). The simulated soil water and NO3-N content, grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies (with nRMSE values ranging from 5.3–25.1 %), and the simulated crop biomass and N uptake (with RE values ranging from -16.4–18.3 %) were in good agreement with observed data. Simulated LAI values were acceptable (with RMSE ranging from 0.31 to 1.68 and index of agreement, d, ranging from 0.28 to 0.94), with the poorer simulations occurring with water and N stress. Maize seedling stage and wheat jointing stage were the phases most sensitive to water deficit, and optimal irrigation schedules could be adjusted according to variable precipitation and other climate changes. The best irrigation strategies for maize in the Guanzhong Plain were irrigation applied at the seedling stage in wet and normal years, and two irrigations applied at the seedling and jointing stages in dry years. The best irrigation strategies for wheat were two, three, and four irrigations applied in wet, normal, and dry years, respectively. Irrigation at different crop growth stages significantly influenced N leaching and nitrogen use efficiency. Increasing N input led to greater water use efficiency and less deep percolation water. Considering the interactive effects of water and N input on yield, deep percolation, and N leaching, the most appropriate N application rates in all precipitation years were 140 kg N ha-1 for maize and 240 kg N ha-1 for wheat, coupled with the recommended irrigation strategies. Improving water and N management can significantly reduce deep percolation of water and N leaching while maintaining agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Jiatun Xu; Huanjie Cai; Xiaoyun Wang; Chenguang Ma; Yajun Lu; Yibo Ding; Xiaowen Wang; Hui Chen; Yunfei Wang; Qaisar Saddique. Exploring optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system for improving crop yield and reducing water and nitrogen leaching. Agricultural Water Management 2019, 228, 105904 .

AMA Style

Jiatun Xu, Huanjie Cai, Xiaoyun Wang, Chenguang Ma, Yajun Lu, Yibo Ding, Xiaowen Wang, Hui Chen, Yunfei Wang, Qaisar Saddique. Exploring optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system for improving crop yield and reducing water and nitrogen leaching. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 228 ():105904.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiatun Xu; Huanjie Cai; Xiaoyun Wang; Chenguang Ma; Yajun Lu; Yibo Ding; Xiaowen Wang; Hui Chen; Yunfei Wang; Qaisar Saddique. 2019. "Exploring optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system for improving crop yield and reducing water and nitrogen leaching." Agricultural Water Management 228, no. : 105904.