The main geological-industrial types of gold deposits in East Kazakhstan

Purpose. Determining a relationship between the shear/failure of the rock mass and the technogenic earthquakes caused by them during underground mining of ore deposits with the derivation of an equation for the dependence of the technogenic earthquake indicators for the conditions of the Zhezkazgan copper-ore field. Methods. The research methodology consists of studying and analyzing early research on technogenic earthquakes by the method of statistical data processing. Calculation of rock mass deformation distribution in the study area is based on numerical modeling in the Comsol Multiphysics 5.6 and MATLAB 2020 software package environment. Calculations are performed based on solving a plane problem using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Findings. Based on the transition from the failure area to subsidence and shear values of the overlying rock mass stratum, an equation for the dependence of the earthquake magnitude on the numerical values of the mass subsidence or shear has been obtained. Originality. For the first time, based on the physics and geomechanics of rock mass shear processes, empirical-analytical formulas have been obtained that make it possible to predict the technogenic earthquake magnitude during underground mining of ore deposits in the conditions of the Zhezkazgan copper-ore field. Practical implications. Preliminary predictive calculations made by the obtained formulas for the conditions of the active mine No. 31 of the East-Zhezkazgan mine, ТОО Kazakhmys Smelting, show acceptable results of magnitude value, comparable to in-situ measurements during field mining. This prediction makes it possible to pre-calculate the technogenic earthquake magnitude at the stage of designing mining operations and make appropriate scientifically sound decisions during further mining of the field.

An analysis of industrial development experience in deposits with complex mineral compositions indicates that improving the efficiency of raw material resource utilization requires the advancement of mining technologies for complex-structure ores. This paper presents the results of experimental research on the quality averaging of ore types and grades during the open-pit mining of complex polymetallic deposits. The authors propose a comprehensive efficiency criterion based on the Hancock and Gaudin-Kelsall approaches, which accounts for the separation process during ore beneficiation. The application of this criterion enables the management of quality homogeneity for multi-grade ores when extracted separately or as a blend. Furthermore, dependencies have been established for metal recovery into concentrates during the flotation of refractory and mixed lead-zinc ore blends Минералдық құрамы күрделі кен орындарын өнеркәсіптік игеру тәжірибесін талдау шикізат қорларын пайдалану тиімділігін арттыру үшін құрылымы күрделі кендерді өндіру технологиясын жетілдіру қажеттігін көрсетеді. Құрылымы күрделі полиметалл кен орындарын ашық әдіспен игеру кезінде кен түрлері мен сорттарының сапасын орташаландыру бойынша жүргізілген эксперименттік зерттеулердің нәтижелері келтірілген. Авторлар кенді байыту кезіндегі бөлу процесін ескеретін, Ханкок пен Годен-Келлсалл тәсілдеріне негізделген кешенді тиімділік критерийін ұсынды. Бұл критерийді пайдалану көп сортты кендерді жекелей немесе араластырып өндіру кезінде олардың сапалық біртектілігін басқаруға мүмкіндік береді. Байытылуы қиын және аралас қорсын-мырыш кендерінің шихтасын флотациялық байыту кезінде металдардың концентраттарға шығу тәуелділіктері анықталды Анализ опыта промышленного освоения месторождений сложного минерального состава свидетельствует, что для повышения эффективности использования запасов сырья требуется совершенствование технологии разработки сложноструктурных руд. Приведены результаты экспериментальных исследований усреднения качества типов и сортов руд при открытой разработке сложноструктурных полиметаллических месторождений. Авторами предложен комплексный критерий эффективности на базе подходов Ханкока и Годена-Келлсалла, учитывающий разделительный процесс при обогащении руд. Использование данного критерия позволяет управлять качественной однородностью многосортных руд при их добыче раздельно или в смеси. Установлены зависимости извлечения металлов в концентраты при флотационном обогащении шихты труднообогатимых и смешанных свинцово-цинковых руд

Porphyry copper deposits are one of the main sources of copper in the world and are usually associated with intrusive complexes of calc-alkaline composition formed in subduction-related geodynamic settings. Eastern Kazakhstan is characterized by the presence of a number of large porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits, but the metallogenic potential of many intrusive complexes in the region remains insufficiently studied. This paper presents new geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data on the Bala-Urpek deposit, located within the Sarykol intrusive complex (Eastern Kazakhstan), aimed at identifying diagnostic criteria for porphyry copper mineralization. The present study is based on field geological observations, petrographic analysis, and whole-rock geochemical data obtained by XRF and ICP-MS. Intrusive ore-bearing rocks are mainly represented by granitoids of the calc-alkaline series with I-type geochemical characteristics. Mineralogical studies have revealed veinlet-disseminated sulphide mineralisation, represented mainly by chalcopyrite and pyrite, as well as the development of hydrothermal alteration associations typical of porphyry systems. The geochemical characteristics of the rocks, including enrichment with large-ion lithophile elements and depletion with high-charge elements, indicate the subduction nature of magmatism. The combination of the data obtained allows us to identify geological, mineralogical and geochemical criteria characteristic of copper-porphyry systems and indicates the potential of the Bala-Urpek deposit area and the associated apophyses of the Sarykol complex for further exploration and prospecting.

Multispectral satellite imagery is a very useful technique to identify altered wall rocks around orogenic gold systems. In this study in the Akzhal–Vasilyevskoye district, Kazakhstan, we show that a geology-based ASTER band-ratio workflow is a useful technique to trace metasomatic footprints of mineralization. In the West Kalba camp, beresite and listvenite both produce usable ASTER SWIR signals, while pyrite and arsenopyrite are largely featureless at multispectral resolution. Five ratios on AST_07XT surface-reflectance data, screened with upper-tail anomaly masks, have enabled identification of sericitic cores, chloritic and carbonate halos, ferric caps, and zones containing mixtures of ferrous phyllosilicates. We show that district-scale Al–OH sericitic anomalies occur within Mg–OH and carbonate shells. At Vasilyevskoye the pattern is due to beresite nuclei within listvenite rims, while at Tokum the sericitic centres remain compact within wider Mg–OH and carbonate halos. Mean polygon spectra differ between the two footprints across Bands B4–B6 and across the SWIR tail (B7–B9). SEM–EDS at Vasilyevskoye links the mapped anomalies to chlorite, sericite, and carbonate gangue assemblages with sulfide-bearing volumes. The data also allow identification of subordinate REE, phosphate, and Ti enrichment within carbonaceous and polymineralic host lithologies.