The use of different types of drones in almost all sectors of the global economy is growing rapidly, but the use of drones in agriculture has suddenly increased. According to some data from the literature, the market for different types of drones in agriculture alone is expected to grow from USD 1.2 billion in 2019 to USD 5.5 billion in 2024. A particularly interesting phenomenon is the significant increase in the use of drones (especially various nano-types) in the world and the possibility of some of them being used in agriculture in the Republic of Serbia. The world of drone technology has taken a huge leap forward with the introduction of nano drones. For example, some modern nano drone solutions have dimensions of less than 2 x 2 cm. Nano drones are ultra-small remote-controlled aircraft that can perform a variety of tasks. They are equipped with advanced sensors and functions such as obstacle avoidance and high-speed maneuverability. Some models are even capable of taking aerial photographs, staying in the air for long periods of time and flying autonomously. Nano drones are now more affordable than ever before. Prices range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand, depending on the model and features. Nowadays, nano drones are affordable for everyday users in various fields. This paper introduces nano drone technology (e.g. the type of nano drones and equipment) as a new application for greenhouses: There are some stages that greenhouse growers can consider for the use of nano drones; Safe inspection of the structural components of greenhouses; Pollination processes (e.g. the role of RobotBee); Application of shading composite glasshouses; Crop monitoring/inventory of greenhouses.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight settings on spray quality and herbicide efficacy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons with four UAV-based treatments (two flight heights: 1.5 and 2.5 m; two flight speeds: 3 and 5 m s^-1) and a non-treated control to assess the effect of flight settings on spray quality. Two herbicide mixtures were tested applied at 30 L ha^-1. The analyzed spray quality parameters included droplet deposition (µL cm^-2), surface coverage (%), droplet density (drops cm^-2), and volume median diameter (VMD). At the same time, herbicide efficacy was assessed based on weed density and fresh weed mass reduction. In the first growing season (2022), treatments applied at the lower flight height (h = 1.5 m) resulted in superior spray quality, with maximum droplet deposition exceeding 0.70 µL cm⁻² and surface coverage reaching up to 11.2% (1.5 m at 3 m s^-1 and 1.5 m at 5 m s^-1). In contrast, in the second season (2023), the highest herbicide efficacy was observed at the higher flight height of 2.5 m (3 and 5 m s^-1), despite lower deposition values (0.19-0.27 µL cm^-2). At higher flight heights and speeds, finer droplets were produced, with the VMD decreasing to 354 µm in 2022 and 275 µm in 2023, confirming the influence of increased dispersion and airflow on droplet size during UAV spraying. The systemic activity of iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium + amidosulfuron + mefenpyr-diethyl appeared to compensate for reduced initial deposition and coverage. Both herbicides achieved high efficacy when applied via UAV, with 1.5 m at 5 m s^-1 and 2.5 m at 5 m s^-1 showing the most consistent weed control. Lamium purpureum was the dominant and most persistent weed species across both years, showing the lowest response to herbicide treatments. These findings demonstrate that conventional herbicide formulations can be effectively applied using UAV systems when flight settings are properly optimized, highlighting their potential for aerial application in wheat production. Further research should focus on the development and registration of UAV-specific herbicide formulations.

Wheat is one of the most important agricultural crops used in human nutrition worldwide. Depending on the level of weediness, weedy plants can lead to significant yield losses, which according to some estimates can reach up to 10% worldwide. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in chemical crop protection, but so far the effectiveness of herbicides applied by UAVs has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using UAVs in the application of the herbicide combination tritosulfuron and florasulam in the protection of winter wheat from weeds. Efficacy of the abovementioned combination of herbicides was tested in the case of application of a low volume of treatment by UAV, as well as by means of a field sprayer. Combination of herbicides tritosulfuron and florasulam applied by an UAV (volume rate 30 l ha-1) showed high efficiency in controlling the weed species Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lactuca serriola, Sinapis arvensis and Viola arvensis, while the efficiency of the same combination was lower in the case of application with a field sprayer. Based on the results of the experiment, which indicated good efficacy of the tested herbicide mixture, we can conclude that from the aspect of successful protection of winter wheat from weeds, the use of UAV is fully justified.

Modern agriculture increasingly relies on advanced technologies such as remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems to monitor crop conditions and optimize pesticide application. This study aimed to compare the effects of pesticide application using UAV system DJI Agras T30 with those of a conventional field sprayer Kubota XTS326 and Kubota M135GX tractor in wheat production. The research was conducted in Grmovci-Zemun (44°50'47"N, 20°11'07"E), Republic of Serbia, where the impact of pesticides on plant health was assessed using three vegetation indices: NDVI, SAVI, and EVI. Data were collected at three time points: before application, and 15 and 30 days after pesticide application (DAPA), using the DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral UAV. The results showed that before pesticide application, all treatments exhibited high NDVI values (0.90-0.92). At 15 DAPA, the differences among treatments were minimal, whereas at 30 DAPA, the UAV system recorded the highest values for all indices (NDVI = 0.709; SAVI = 0.228; EVI = 0.209), compared with the field sprayer (NDVI = 0.686; SAVI = 0.217; EVI = 0.205) and the control (NDVI = 0.625; SAVI = 0.209; EVI = 0.188). These findings confirm that the UAV system ensured longer preservation of green biomass and a more favorable vegetative response compared with both the field sprayer and the control. The results indicate that UAV systems represent a valuable alternative in precision agriculture, providing more efficient pesticide application while reducing resource consumption.

The development of modern technologies in agriculture, particularly the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UA Vs), has enabled significant advancements in pesticide application, resulting in greater efficiency and precision in crop protection. This study aims to analyze the effects of various UA V flight parameters, specifically flight altitude, on droplet size and distribution uniformity. Field trials were conducted on the municipality of Zemun-Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Latitude: North 44° 49' 22.2" and Longitude: East 20° 13' 19,2", with an altitude of 73 m. Different flight heights (1.5 m and 2.5 m) were tested at a constant flight speed of 3 m/s. The results indicated that smaller droplets, generated at higher flight altitudes, contributed to more uniform droplet distribution, while larger droplets at lower flight altitudes ensured better coverage. The most favorable outcomes were observed at a flight altitude of 2,5 m, where droplet distribution was both more uniform and of higher quality.