Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common hereditary heart muscle disorders. It is characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In competitive sports, HCM can be particularly dangerous. It is a well-recognised leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes. Aim: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of HCM within athletic populations, with a focus on the differences in pathophysiology compared to normal physiological adaptation. Material and methods: Between April and July 2025, we searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, and PMC databases. We used both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords in the free text. The search was limited to studies on humans. Due to the heterogeneity of the materials used, no statistical analyses or quantitative pooling were performed. The narrative was based on PRISMA principles. Research results: HCM is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in sarcomere-affecting genes. These abnormalities result in abnormal energy metabolism, disturbances in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. This generates an energy deficit, which is exacerbated further during competitive sports. This mechanism can lead to life-threatening complications. Distinguishing between the heart's physiological adaptation to intense physical exertion and HCM requires an assessment of ventricular geometry, diastolic and systolic performance, coronary perfusion and the body's response to exercise testing. Conclusion: HCM presents many challenges to sports medicine and diagnosis requires advanced tests. Thanks to extensive research on HCM, the range of therapeutic options in both pharmacotherapy and surgical treatment is constantly expanding.

Background: Hypertension is the principal modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide and the leading preventable cause of mortality. Over the past 30 years prevalence has doubled to ≈1.3 billion people. Each 20-mmHg increase in systolic or 10-mmHg rise in diastolic blood pressure approximately doubles cardiovascular and stroke mortality; even modest BP reductions substantially lower cardiovascular events, reducing premature mortality globally. Aim: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of different types of physical exercise and to compare their effectiveness in reducing arterial blood pressure. Materials and Methods: Between May-July 2025 we searched PubMed, PMC and Google Scholar (MeSH and free-text). Human studies only; included RCTs, non-randomized, cohort, cross-sectional studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Two reviewers screened; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis; findings narratively synthesized per PRISMA. Research results: Different exercise modalities-including aerobic, resistance, isometric, interval, and mind-body practices-consistently reduce blood pressure, with magnitude varying by modality, intensity and duration. Evidence suggests a dose-response for aerobic training and robust SBP reductions for isometric protocols, while resistance, interval and mind-body interventions provide moderate benefits. Heterogeneity in study designs, populations and quality limits direct comparisons and highlights the need for standardized, high-quality trials. Conclusions: Various exercise types-including aerobic, resistance, isometric, interval, and mind-body practices-consistently reduce blood pressure. Isometric training strongly lowers systolic BP, aerobic exercise shows dose-response benefits up to 150 min/week, and other modalities offer moderate effects. Regular physical activity is a safe, effective nonpharmacological strategy, supporting integration into comprehensive hypertension management.

Background: Reliable mesiodistal tooth-width measurements are essential for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital models obtained by scanning plaster casts may facilitate orthodontic workflows; however, the extent of agreement between manual caliper measurements and digital measurements on digitized plaster models remains clinically relevant, particularly at the individual-tooth level. Objective: To evaluate the agreement, repeatability, and inter-method differences between manual and digital mesiodistal tooth-width measurements from the canine to the first molar on digitized plaster models. Methods: Plaster models from 30 orthodontic patients were analyzed. The models were digitized using a 3Shape TRIOS 4 intraoral scanner. Mesiodistal widths of teeth 13–16, 23–26, 33–36, and 43–46 were measured using digital calipers on plaster models and using 3Shape Unite platform version 1.7.33.2 (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) on the corresponding digital models. Manual and digital measurements were each performed twice at 24 h intervals. For both methods, the mean of the two repeated measurements was used for inter-method comparison. Manual and digital intra-observer repeatability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Inter-method differences (ΔMD = mean manual − digital) were analyzed using Bland–Altman analysis. Differences exceeding 0.3 mm were considered to exceed the predefined threshold of potential clinical relevance. Results: A total of 480 teeth were analyzed. Manual and digital intra-observer repeatability were excellent (ICC = 0.985 and ICC = 0.976, respectively). Manual measurements were on average 0.150 mm higher than digital measurements (SD = 0.407 mm; median = 0.145 mm; IQR = 0.29 mm), with 95% limits of agreement ranging from −0.647 mm to 0.947 mm. At the single-tooth level, 212 out of 480 measurements (44.2%) exceeded the predefined 0.3 mm threshold. First molars and selected premolars showed the highest discrepancy rates, whereas canines generally showed lower discrepancy rates. Conclusions: Manual and digital mesiodistal tooth-width measurements performed on digitized plaster models showed good agreement under the tested conditions. However, individual tooth-level differences exceeding the predefined 0.3 mm threshold were frequent, particularly for posterior teeth. Therefore, digital measurements obtained from digitized plaster models should be interpreted with caution in clinical situations requiring high precision at the level of individual tooth dimensions.