This article examines the impact of climate change on the hydrometeorological indicators of some lakes and reservoirs in the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions. Two meteorological variables’ annual and seasonal trends at three weather stations in 1986–2023 were analyzed. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to determine the presence of a positive or negative trend in weather data and their statistical significance. Hydrometric indicators were studied using the ArcGIS 10.8 program from 1995 to 2023. The results indicate an increasing average spring air temperature, with an annual rise of 0.08–0.09 °C. A significant trend in increasing average annual precipitation was observed in Saumalkol, with a rise of 4.7 mm per year. In contrast, no significant trends were found in the annual and seasonal precipitation data for Sergeyevka. It was also found that the area of Lake Saumalkol increased by 1.6% due to a rise in annual precipitation. In contrast, the area of Lake Kopa decreased by 6.04% because of an increase in the annual average temperature.

Phosphorus deficiency and declining organic matter limit crop productivity in Northern Kazakhstan’s chernozem soils. This study evaluates whether the combined application of phosphorus fertilizer and an ash-carbon amendment from industrial by-products can improve soil fertility and barley yield. In a three-year field experiment (2018–2020), four P rates (1/10, 1/5, 1/2, and the full recommended dose, Prec) were tested with 100 kg ha⁻¹ of ash–carbon product (“Agrobionov”). Across growth stages, we measured cellulolytic microbial activity, water-stable soil aggregates (%WSA), and grain yield. Relative to the control, P + ash–carbon increased microbial activity by up to 57.6% and %WSA by up to 76%. The highest yield (1.32 t ha⁻¹) occurred with Agrobionov + ½ Prec, a 51.7% increase over the control. These results indicate that pairing moderate P rates with an ash–carbon amendment enhances soil biological and physical properties and improves yield in P-deficient chernozems, supporting the sustainable use of industrial by-products as cost-effective soil amendments. Future work should assess long-term effects on C sequestration, nutrient cycling, and economic feasibility.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the study of breeding lines of various ecological origins is of paramount importance for breeding. When selecting breeding material, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of soil and climatic conditions. For the sharply continental climate of Northern Kazakhstan, one of the most important characteristics of the variety for obtaining a high yield is the duration of the growing season and interphase periods. This article presents the results of a study of a line of spring soft wheat with a high adaptive ability: high productivity, early maturity, resistance to pathogens and endurance to environmental stress. The experiments were laid in the Kokshetau Experimental Production Farm LLP in 2021-2022. Agrotechnics adopted for the zone. The predecessor is pure steam. The sowing period is May 22-23, the seeding rate is 3.0 million. germinating seeds per 1 ha. 13 lines of spring soft wheat of medium-ripened and medium-early ripeness groups were studied. The yield, the elements of its structure and the duration of the growing season were determined according to the methodology of the state variety testing. The studied lines are valuable for practical breeding of spring soft wheat varieties. The growing season of the variety is not constant, but varies depending on both the climatic conditions of the zone and the year of cultivation. The duration of vegetation mainly depends on the temperature and water regime. At the same time, the duration of the growing season from sowing to earing closely depends on the sum of the average daily temperatures, the duration of grain filling, and also on the humidification conditions. According to our research, the lines were distinguished by an elongated tillering period, and «shoots-earing» (37-46 days), and shortened – «earing-ripening» (38-39 days).

This article presents the results of a study on the nodal roots of spring soft wheat breeding lines depending on the level of mineral nutrition. The dynamics of the development of nodal roots were analyzed across different growth stages. It was revealed that in favorable years of the study, the number of nodal roots increased in spring wheat crops with the application of the full recommended dose of fertilizers. Thus, the maximum number of nodal roots at the booting stage with the full recommended dose of fertilizer was as follows: for medium-early lines –15.1 roots/plant, and for medium-early-ripening lines –15.6 roots/plant. In contrast, without the application of fertilizers, these values were: for medium-early lines –12.3 roots/plant, and for medium-early-ripening lines –12.1 roots/plant. The increase in the number of nodal roots in the spring wheat lines was significantly influenced by the level of mineral nutrition. On the background of 0.5 of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, the number ofnodal roots in all studied medium-early lines was 11% higher, in 5 out of 9 medium-early-ripening lines –19% higher, and with the full recommended dose of fertilizers, it was 19.5% higher for medium-early lines and 21% higher for medium-early-ripening lines compared to the unfertilized control, which is important for increasing yield.A direct correlation was found between the number of nodal roots and spike graininess, 1000-grain weight, and spike productivity in favorable years, while an inverse relationship was observed under drought conditions

The article presents the results of a study on the growth, development, response to mineral nutrition and yield stability of 16 varieties of spring barley on chernozem soils of Northern Kazakhstan, cultivated under three backgrounds of mineral nutrition—without fertilizers, half of the calculated dose (N₃₀P₃₅) and the full calculated dose (N₆₀P₇₀) of fertilizers. The reserves of productive moisture, the content of nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, pH of the water extract in the soil, phenological development of plants, plant density, elements of crop structure, yield, ecological plasticity to mineral nutrition and stability of yield of barley varieties were studied. It was found that the use of mineral fertilizers increased the average grain yield by 0.29–0.46 t/ha (24.0–38.0%) compared to the unfertilized background. The varieties Kudesnik (+0.77 t/ha; +98.7%), Prairie (+0.80 t/ha; +63.0%) and Arna (+0.64 t/ha; +66.0%) showed the greatest response to fertilizers; the maximum yield was achieved by the varieties KWS Salome (2.30 t/ha) and Vakula (2.28 t/ha) with the full calculated dose of fertilizers. Correlation analysis showed that, against an unfertilized background, yield was most closely related to the 1000-grain weight (r = 0.75), the number of plants before harvesting (r = 0.63), and the number of productive stems (r = 0.53), indicating the leading role of these traits in yield formation. The values of the ecological plasticity coefficient (bi) varied from 0.6 to 1.7, and the yield stability index (Hom) varied from 3.4 to 6.9, which reflects significant differences in the adaptive response of varieties to changes in the level of mineral nutrition. According to the type of adaptability, the following varieties were selected for extensive technology: Velikan, Slavny, Divny, Abalak, Kerzhak, for resource-saving: Astana 2000, Arna, Tselinny-60, Grace, Eifel and intensive technology: KWS Salome, Vakula, Prairie, Paustiana, Ara, Kudesnik, recommended for the corresponding cultivation technologies.