Introduction. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mel­litus (T2DM) is strongly linked to oxidative stress mainly caused by chronic hyperglycaemia. The present study investigates the association between hyperglycaemia with oxidative stress markers, antioxidants and lipid profile. Materials and methods. The case-control study in­volved two groups, T2DM patients (n = 83) and age and sex matched controls (n = 81). Serum levels of various molecular markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), su­peroxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid parameters total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using spectrophotometric as­says. Results were analysed to compare and correlate glycaemic levels with these molecular markers. Results. T2DM patients had a higher body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. 2 hour blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c % (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were higher in diabetics, HDL was found to be lower in diabetics than in controls. Mean levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxi­dants SOD, CAT, GSH, vitamin C and TAC were signifi­cantly lower while oxidative stress markers NO, ROS and MDA were higher in T2DM patients. NO showed a positive correlation (r = 0.3993, p < 0.0001) whereas TAC showed a negative correlation with glycaemia (r = –0.4796, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Poor glycaemic control in T2DM causes elevated ROS and NO levels with increased lipid peroxi­dation and lowered antioxidant capacity. MDA and NO being the major risk factors could be used as a param­eter along with antioxidants to assess oxidative stress in T2DM patients. Introduction. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mel­litus (T2DM) is strongly linked to oxidative stress mainly caused by chronic hyperglycaemia. The present study investigates the association between hyperglycaemia with oxidative stress markers, antioxidants and lipid profile. Materials and methods. The case-control study in­volved two groups, T2DM patients (n = 83) and age and sex matched controls (n = 81). Serum levels of various molecular markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), su­peroxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid parameters total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using spectrophotometric as­says. Results were analysed to compare and correlate glycaemic levels with these molecular markers. Results. T2DM patients had a higher body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. 2 hour blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c % (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were higher in diabetics, HDL was found to be lower in diabetics than in controls. Mean levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxi­dants SOD, CAT, GSH, vitamin C and TAC were signifi­cantly lower while oxidative stress markers NO, ROS and MDA were higher in T2DM patients. NO showed a positive correlation (r = 0.3993, p < 0.0001) whereas TAC showed a negative correlation with glycaemia (r = –0.4796, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Poor glycaemic control in T2DM causes elevated ROS and NO levels with increased lipid peroxi­dation and lowered antioxidant capacity. MDA and NO being the major risk factors could be used as a param­eter along with antioxidants to assess oxidative stress in T2DM patients.

This study examines the association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with diet quality among university students while controlling for different demographic and other health and lifestyle factors. This cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2021 and June 2021 among a total of 440 (unweighted) university students. Diet quality was assessed using a 10-item mini-dietary assessment index tool. The depressive and anxiety symptoms of participants were measured using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed. In this study, 61.1% (95% CI: 56.6% to 65.7%) of university students’ diet quality was good during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being a post-graduate student, an urban resident, having no depressive (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.20 to 3.84) and anxiety symptoms (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.59), no changes or improvement in appetite, and no changes in sleep duration were significantly associated with good diet quality among our study participants. Depressive and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19 had a significant effect on the diet quality of university students. Future public health policies need to be focused on improving the mental health and well-being of students particularly during pandemic situations to enhance their diet quality.

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the status of acrosome intactness in different infertile conditions among men who have attended the Mediwave Fertility Research Center, Mysore, South India. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 infertile and 20 control subjects were employed in the study. Infertile subjects were classified into different conditions according to the WHO protocol. The data obtained was statistically analyzed. Results: In the present study, seven different infertile conditions were reported. For the acrosome intactness test, except oligospermia, all other conditions recorded a statistically significant value (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Conclusions: The present study shows the decreased acrosomal enzyme activity in infertile males compared with fertile males. If diagnosed and treated earlier, it may help in the success of the in vitro fertilization technique.

Infertility is a condition associated with multiple etiologies. Sperm nuclear chromatin decondensation is one of the important events that occur during fertilization. Abnormal spermatogenesis leads to improper protamine package and chromatin condensation. The aim of the study was to analyze and understand the levels of fertilization capacity and nuclear stability of the spermatozoa in different infertile subgroups. A total of 65 infertile males and 24 fertile males were employed in the study. Infertile subjects were classified into different groups according to the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. In this study, in vitro nuclear chromatin decondensation status was assessed in different subgroups of infertile males. The obtained data was then statistically analyzed. Decreased sperm chromatin decondensation was observed in different infertile subgroups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Spermatozoa with swollen head indicated a positive response and unswollen head indicated a negative response. This study asserts that abnormal nuclear decondensation is a potential factor that diminishes the fertilizing capacity of the sperms among different subgroups of infertile males.

Major cause of neonatal and infant mortality is caused due to congenital anomalies especially in developing countries, accounting for around 30% of infant deaths. Low socio-economic condition and educational status play an important role in increased risk of still birth, congenital anomalies, and preterm labour and fetal death rates. Among other socio-economic disparities, determinants, such as low body mass index (BMI), inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, poor nutrition and short stature are all associated these risks. Understanding, how these factors are relating to congenital anomalies arise is key to implementing effective public health interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality. In the present study, the author has quantified the effects of different demographic factors on the prevalence of babies with abnormalities and to analyze the education and socioeconomic factors related to pregnancy outcome and neonatal mortality in association with congenital anomalies in Mysore population. In the present study a total of 691 chromosomal aneuploidy cases were collected from different hospitals of Mysore city over a period of 20 years from 1989–2009. To generate case-control data set randomly selected 700 healthy children from different religions, localities and hospitals in and around Mysore city were used. Logistic regression was performed using the software, SPSS version 10.0 to record the effect of the variables in both controls and cases. Out of 7, 20, 000 babies691 are born with chromosomal abnormalities and Down syndrome stands first with 82.77% among them whereas cri-du chat is least prevalent accounting for 0.28%. Parental education, parents from Urban area, education of the parents and prenatal diagnosis showed significant difference in the odds ratios. These studies indicate that medical awareness is essential for each parent whether they belong to urban or rural regions and proper prenatal diagnosis has to be implemented in all health care centers both in rural and urban areas.