Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects patients’ lives by deteriorating their motor and non-motor functions through the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Medications remain the preferred option to manage Parkinson’s disease symptoms. In Australia, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) supports access to essential medicines by subsidising their cost, making long-term treatment more affordable. Aim: This study analyses the dispensing patterns of Parkinson’s medications in Australia from 2012 to 2024, focusing on utilisation trends over time and shifts in prescribing practices. Methods: We conducted a quantitative analysis using concessional PBS data. Key variables included cumulative and annual prescription counts, defined daily dose (DDD), and DDD per 1000 concessional population per day, classified by medication type and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code. Time trends were examined using linear regression, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were assessed to understand the relationship between changes over the year and time. Results: A total of 14 medications were assessed, with an accumulated dispensing count of 11,493,423. Levodopa combined with Benserazide had the highest prescription count at 3,663,722 and a mean DDD per 1000 concessional population of 1.81, followed by Levodopa combined with Carbidopa. Linear regression showed strong correlations (r > 0.9) between prescription volume and time for the majority of medications assessed. Discussion: The findings highlighted a preference for Levodopa-based therapies, combined with Benserazide or Carbidopa, and suggest shifts in prescription patterns. By identifying the dispensing patterns of Parkinson’s medication, the study contributes to developing treatment trends for further analysis of these medications’ distribution and consumption.

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that green leafy vegetables (GLV) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship remains incompletely understood due to inconsistencies between findings from observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, a comprehensive synthesis of evidence across study designs is warranted. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between GLV consumption and CVD risk, as well as related cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function, based on evidence from observational studies and RCTs. Methods: Systematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE, APA PsycInfo, and Ovid databases were conducted through 30 October 2024. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool for observational studies and the RoB 2 tool for RCTs. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for observational studies, whereas mean differences (MDs) were used for RCT outcomes. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, and heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I² statistics. Results: Higher GLV consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of CVD in observational studies (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82–0.97; p < 0.01; I² = 80%; Q = 55.88) and lower CVD mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.62–0.97; p < 0.01; I² = 80%; Q = 4.93). However, pooled analysis of seven RCTs showed no significant improvement in vascular function following GLV intake (MD: −0.37; 95% CI: −1.90 to 1.16; p = 0.64; I² = 88%; Q = 18.59). No significant associations were observed between GLV consumption and hypertension risk in observational studies, nor were significant effects found on systolic or diastolic BP in RCTs. Conclusions: Higher GLV consumption may be associated with a lower risk of CVD in observational studies. However, evidence from RCTs remains limited and inconclusive. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm these associations, establish dose–response relationships, and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of GLVs to support evidence-based dietary recommendations.