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Jiansheng Qu
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

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Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Sustainability
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As the product of natural process, land is an essential but nonrenewable resource for humankind. Urban land use efficiency directly reflects the coupling between urban systems and land use systems. It also serves as the key indicator for measuring land productivity and regional development quality. In this study, the land use efficiency of 65 county-level cities in the Yellow River Basin has been measured by applying the Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis methods. It makes up for the deficiency and defect of the existing research. The result indicates that in 2000~2018, the overall urban land use efficiency in 65 prefecture-level cities is unbalanced, with significant gaps between cities with high efficiency and low efficiency. In 2000~2018, the average urban land use efficiency in these 65 cities shows a tendency of declining. In 2000~2018, the spatial distribution of land use efficiency of these 65 cities indicates significant positive correlation, featured by the clustering of regions with high (low) efficiency. In terms of the spatial distribution of urban land use efficiency in the Yellow River Basin, it is marked by apparent spatial clustering. Specifically, from east to west, from coastal areas to inland regions, from downstream to upstream, the urban land use efficiency differs from high value areas to low value areas. On the whole, it is featured by high value in the east and low value in the west, while declining from downstream to upstream.

ACS Style

Hengji Li; Jiansheng Qu; Dai Wang; Peng Meng; Chenyu Lu; Jingjing Zeng. Spatial-Temporal Integrated Measurement of the Efficiency of Urban Land Use in Yellow River Basin. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8902 .

AMA Style

Hengji Li, Jiansheng Qu, Dai Wang, Peng Meng, Chenyu Lu, Jingjing Zeng. Spatial-Temporal Integrated Measurement of the Efficiency of Urban Land Use in Yellow River Basin. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8902.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hengji Li; Jiansheng Qu; Dai Wang; Peng Meng; Chenyu Lu; Jingjing Zeng. 2021. "Spatial-Temporal Integrated Measurement of the Efficiency of Urban Land Use in Yellow River Basin." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8902.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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China is a world leader on agriculture production; with only 8% of global cropland it feeds 20% of the world's population. However, the increasing production capacity comes with the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a populous country with the highest GHG emissions in the world, determining how to achieve the dual goals of mitigating climate change and ensuring food security is of great significance for the agricultural sector. This requires assessing the spatial variation in agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their drivers. In this study, we conduct a spatial assessment of agricultural GHGs at the provincial level in China for the years 1997–2017, and then explore the effects of related factors on GHG emissions using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. The results suggest the following. 1) There have always been significant interprovincial variations, whether in the total amount, structure, intensity, or per capita level of agricultural GHG emissions. 2) The directions of the effects of selected factors on GHG intensity fall broadly into three categories: negative effects (urbanization, intensity of agricultural practices, and agricultural structure), positive effects (agricultural investment and cropland endowments), and mixed effects, with factors leading to reductions in some provinces and increases in others (economic level, frequency and intensity of disasters, and the level of mechanization). 3) The magnitude of the effects varies by factor and also by province. The results suggest synergetic province- or state-specific reduction policies in agricultural GHG for China, as well as for other developing and emerging economies.

ACS Style

Jinyu Han; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Li Xu; Jingjing Zeng; Hengji Li. A critical assessment of provincial-level variation in agricultural GHG emissions in China. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 296, 113190 .

AMA Style

Jinyu Han, Jiansheng Qu, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Li Xu, Jingjing Zeng, Hengji Li. A critical assessment of provincial-level variation in agricultural GHG emissions in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 296 ():113190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinyu Han; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Li Xu; Jingjing Zeng; Hengji Li. 2021. "A critical assessment of provincial-level variation in agricultural GHG emissions in China." Journal of Environmental Management 296, no. : 113190.

Review article
Published: 23 February 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The study of household carbon emissions (HCEs) has become one of the most important topics in sustainability research due to the growing awareness of its significances in responding to global warming. This paper aims to identify the trends and characteristics of HCEs research for the period 1993–2019 through the bibliometric analysis approach. The impacts of most productive journals, countries, institutions and authors are evaluated by citation analysis, while the co-authorship network between various countries, institutions as well as the co-occurrence among different keywords are presented. The results of this paper provide a detailed picture on HCEs-related articles from 1993 to 2019. Both the number of publications on HCEs and the cooperation among countries and institutions have increased during the period. Keyword analysis suggests that the revelation of current status of HCEs and corresponding influencing factors are the main lines of HCEs research, and the prediction of HCEs should become the focus of future research. The valuable results obtained from this study can help the academic professionals keep informed of the latest developments in the HCEs-related field.

ACS Style

Jingjing Zeng; Jiansheng Qu; Hanqing Ma; Xiaohua Gou. Characteristics and Trends of household carbon emissions research from 1993 to 2019: A bibliometric analysis and its implications. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 295, 126468 .

AMA Style

Jingjing Zeng, Jiansheng Qu, Hanqing Ma, Xiaohua Gou. Characteristics and Trends of household carbon emissions research from 1993 to 2019: A bibliometric analysis and its implications. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 295 ():126468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingjing Zeng; Jiansheng Qu; Hanqing Ma; Xiaohua Gou. 2021. "Characteristics and Trends of household carbon emissions research from 1993 to 2019: A bibliometric analysis and its implications." Journal of Cleaner Production 295, no. : 126468.

Research article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Rapid and large scale construction activities consume significant resources and make impacts on the environment. To support policy for emission reduction and route of low-carbon society development, this paper estimated building stocks and building embodied carbon emissions (BECEs) in China’s 31 provinces from 1997 to 2016 by material flow analysis (MFA). Furthermore, global and local Moran’s indices were employed to investigate the geographical clustering patterns, and temporal and spatial decomposition models were proposed to identify the driving forces. The results reveal the total BECEs has boomed from 9.67 billion tons in 1997 to 28.99 billion tons in 2016. BECEs in 31 provinces have experienced consistent increase but obvious differences in growth rate, and are spatially inclined to decrease from eastern coastal regions to western inland regions. The change of spatial agglomeration pattern is complex and variable. It presents that a long and narrow “H-L agglomeration” is located in the two northernmost provinces and the other 29 provinces enforce a sequence arrangement with an order of “H–H”, “L–H”, “H–L”, and “L–L” from east to west. Temporal decomposition results show that investment scale, economic level, and population density are the main driving forces for the increase of BECEs from both national and provincial levels, while the main reasons for the decrease are technical level and return on investment. Spatial decomposition results demonstrate that population density and provincial area are the main driving forces for the difference between provincial and national average, and others cause the difference among provinces.

ACS Style

Jing Bai; Jiansheng Qu. Investigating the spatiotemporal variability and driving factors of China’s building embodied carbon emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Jing Bai, Jiansheng Qu. Investigating the spatiotemporal variability and driving factors of China’s building embodied carbon emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Bai; Jiansheng Qu. 2021. "Investigating the spatiotemporal variability and driving factors of China’s building embodied carbon emissions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-16.

Review
Published: 27 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The household sector, which plays a critical role in emission reduction, is a main source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although numerous academic journals have published papers on household CO2 emissions (HCEs), great challenges remain in research on assessments, determinants, and further research prospects. This work reviews and projects HCEs using a bibliometric analysis and a systematic review based on the data from the Web of Science (WOS) platform from 1991 to 2020. Over the last 30 years, there has been a rapid and active trend of research on HCEs. We find that (1) the scale of the bibliometric analysis shows that research on HCEs is interdisciplinary and must consider overall cognition of the environment, the economy, society, and technology. It also needs to strengthen cooperation between different countries/territories to emphasize the quality and influence of papers on HCEs. (2) A review of previous literature shows that research on HCEs mainly focuses on the research object, mainstream assessments, and influencing factors. The following six main aspects impact HCEs: demographic, income, social, technological, policy, and natural factors. (3) The research discussion suggests that more micro-level research needs to be conducted, such as research on the city level and the individual level, which is important for sustainable development and low consumption. A comparative analysis of the differences in HCEs is a future research direction. Additionally, localized carbon emission reduction measures need to be implemented.

ACS Style

Lina Liu; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Yibo Niu; Jingjing Zeng; Lihua Zhang; Li Xu. Household CO2 Emissions: Current Status and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7077 .

AMA Style

Lina Liu, Jiansheng Qu, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Yibo Niu, Jingjing Zeng, Lihua Zhang, Li Xu. Household CO2 Emissions: Current Status and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Liu; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Yibo Niu; Jingjing Zeng; Lihua Zhang; Li Xu. 2020. "Household CO2 Emissions: Current Status and Future Perspectives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7077.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Many studies have reported that air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has a significant impact on health and causes economic loss. Gansu Province is in the northwest of China, which is a typical economically underdeveloped area. However, few studies have evaluated the economic loss of PM2.5 related to health effects in this province. In this study, a log-linear exposure-response function was used to estimate the health impact of PM2.5 in 14 cities in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, and the amended human capital (AHC) and cost of illness (COI) method were used to evaluate the related economic loss caused by the health impact from PM2.5. The results show that the estimated total number of health endpoints attributed to PM2.5 pollution were 1,644,870 (95%CI: 978,484–2,215,921), 1,551,447 (95%CI: 917,025–2,099,182) and 1,531,372 (95%CI: 899,769–2,077,772) in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, respectively. Correspondingly, the economic losses related to health damage caused by PM2.5 pollution were 42,699 (95%CI: 32,380–50,768) million Chinese Yuan (CNY), 43,982 (95%CI: 33,305–52,386) million CNY and 44,261 (95%CI: 33,306–52,954) million CNY, which were equivalent to 6.45% (95%CI: 4.89%–7.67%), 6.28% (95%CI: 4.75%–7.48%), and 5.93% (95%CI: 4.64%–7.10%) of the region Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2015 to 2017, respectively. It could be seen that the proportions of health economic loss to GDP were generally high, although the proportion had a slight downward trend. The economic loss from chronic bronchitis and all-cause mortality accounted for more than 94% of the total economic loss. The health impact, economic loss and per capita economic loss in Lanzhou, the provincial capital city of Gansu, were obviously higher than other cities from the same province. The economic loss in Linxia accounted for the highest proportion of GDP. The health impacts in the Hexi region, including the cities of Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Wuwei, were generally lower, but the economic loss and per capita economic loss were still higher. We also found that urbanization and industrialization were highly correlated with health economic loss caused by PM2.5 pollution. In conclusion, the PM2.5-related health economic burden in Gansu Province was serious. As an economically underdeveloped region, it was very important to further adopt rigid and effective pollution control policies.

ACS Style

Qin Liao; Wangqiang Jin; Yan Tao; Jiansheng Qu; Yong Li; Yibo Niu. Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3253 .

AMA Style

Qin Liao, Wangqiang Jin, Yan Tao, Jiansheng Qu, Yong Li, Yibo Niu. Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qin Liao; Wangqiang Jin; Yan Tao; Jiansheng Qu; Yong Li; Yibo Niu. 2020. "Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3253.

Discussion
Published: 10 February 2019 in Science Bulletin
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ACS Style

Jiansheng Qu; Lina Liu; Jingjing Zeng; Zhiqiang Zhang; Jinping Wang; Huijuan Pei; Liping Dong; Qin Liao; Tek Maraseni. The impact of income on household CO2 emissions in China based on a large sample survey. Science Bulletin 2019, 64, 351 -353.

AMA Style

Jiansheng Qu, Lina Liu, Jingjing Zeng, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jinping Wang, Huijuan Pei, Liping Dong, Qin Liao, Tek Maraseni. The impact of income on household CO2 emissions in China based on a large sample survey. Science Bulletin. 2019; 64 (6):351-353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiansheng Qu; Lina Liu; Jingjing Zeng; Zhiqiang Zhang; Jinping Wang; Huijuan Pei; Liping Dong; Qin Liao; Tek Maraseni. 2019. "The impact of income on household CO2 emissions in China based on a large sample survey." Science Bulletin 64, no. 6: 351-353.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2019 in Sustainability
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The swift evolution of urbanization in China has led to a rapid increase in the demand for infrastructure. Infrastructure consumes significant amounts of construction materials. The production, packaging, transportation and use of these materials require energy and, therefore, are a source of carbon emissions. In order to make the construction of infrastructure satisfy people’s life demands and economic development, and at the same time conform to low carbon ideas, it is necessary to understand the spatial and temporal variations of embodied carbon emissions and its regional disparity. This study classifies and sorts the calculation parameters of infrastructure material stock and embodied carbon emissions. It estimates the trends and magnitude of 31 provinces over a period of 20 years (1997–2016) and analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics. Our results indicate that: (1) The overall infrastructure embodied carbon emissions amount to 3204 billion tons; (2) the embodied carbon emissions from buildings are far greater than that of transportation infrastructure, however, the annual growth rate is contrary to this; (3) the spatial and temporal variations show regional inequality, with the eastern coastal area being higher than the central and western inland areas and the economically developed areas being higher than the less developed areas.

ACS Style

Jing Bai; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Jinjia Wu; Li Xu; Yujie Fan. Spatial and Temporal Variations of Embodied Carbon Emissions in China’s Infrastructure. Sustainability 2019, 11, 749 .

AMA Style

Jing Bai, Jiansheng Qu, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Jinjia Wu, Li Xu, Yujie Fan. Spatial and Temporal Variations of Embodied Carbon Emissions in China’s Infrastructure. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Bai; Jiansheng Qu; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Jinjia Wu; Li Xu; Yujie Fan. 2019. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Embodied Carbon Emissions in China’s Infrastructure." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 749.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2018 in Sustainability
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The theme of global sustainable development has changed from environmental management to climate governance, and relevant policies on climate governance urgently need to be implemented by the public. The public understanding of climate change has become the prerequisite and basis for implementing various climate change policies. In order to explore the affected factors of climate change perception among Chinese residents, this study was conducted across 31 provinces and regions of China through field household surveys and interviews. Combined with the residents’ perception of climate change with the possible affected factors, the related factors affecting Chinese residents’ perception of climate change were explored. The results show that the perceptive level of climate change of Chinese residents is related to the education level and the household size of residents. Improving public awareness of climate change risk in the context of climate change through multiple channels will also help to improve residents’ awareness of climate change. On the premise of improving the level of national education, improving education on climate change in school education and raising awareness of climate change risk among dependents will help to improve the level of Chinese residents’ awareness of climate change, which could be instrumental in promoting public participation in climate change mitigation and adaptation actions.

ACS Style

Jinjia Wu; Jiansheng Qu; Hengji Li; Li Xu; Hongfen Zhang; Suman Aryal; Jingjing Zeng; Yujie Fan; Qin Wei; Xiafei Liu. What Affects Chinese Residents’ Perceptions of Climate Change? Sustainability 2018, 10, 4712 .

AMA Style

Jinjia Wu, Jiansheng Qu, Hengji Li, Li Xu, Hongfen Zhang, Suman Aryal, Jingjing Zeng, Yujie Fan, Qin Wei, Xiafei Liu. What Affects Chinese Residents’ Perceptions of Climate Change? Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4712.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinjia Wu; Jiansheng Qu; Hengji Li; Li Xu; Hongfen Zhang; Suman Aryal; Jingjing Zeng; Yujie Fan; Qin Wei; Xiafei Liu. 2018. "What Affects Chinese Residents’ Perceptions of Climate Change?" Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4712.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Water
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Water shortages limit agricultural production in the world’s arid and semi-arid regions. The Northern region of China’s Shaanxi Province, in the Loess Plateau, is a good example. Raising the water productivity of rainfed grain production in this region is essential to increase food production and reduce poverty, thereby improving food security. To support efforts to increase crop water productivity (CWP), we accounted for limitations of most existing studies (experimental studies of specific crops or hydrological modeling approaches) by using actual field data derived from statistical reports of cropping patterns. We estimated the CWPs of nine primary crops grown in four counties in Northern Shaanxi from 1994 to 2008 by combining statistics on the cultivated area and yields with detailed estimates of evapotranspiration based on daily meteorological data. We further calculated both the caloric CWP of water (CCWP) and the CWP of productive water (i.e., water used for transpiration). We found that regional CWP averaged 6.333 kg mm–1 ha–1, the CCWP was 17,683.81 cal mm–1 ha–1, the CWP of productive green water was 8.837 kg mm–1 ha–1, and the CCWP of productive green water was 24,769.07 cal mm–1 ha–1. Corn, sorghum, and buckwheat had the highest CWP, and although potatoes had the largest planted area and relatively high CWP, they had a low CCWP.

ACS Style

Jinping Wang; Jinzhu Ma; Afton Clarke-Sather; Jiansheng Qu. Estimating Changes in the Green Water Productivity of Cropping Systems in Northern Shaanxi Province in China’s Loess Plateau. Water 2018, 10, 1198 .

AMA Style

Jinping Wang, Jinzhu Ma, Afton Clarke-Sather, Jiansheng Qu. Estimating Changes in the Green Water Productivity of Cropping Systems in Northern Shaanxi Province in China’s Loess Plateau. Water. 2018; 10 (9):1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinping Wang; Jinzhu Ma; Afton Clarke-Sather; Jiansheng Qu. 2018. "Estimating Changes in the Green Water Productivity of Cropping Systems in Northern Shaanxi Province in China’s Loess Plateau." Water 10, no. 9: 1198.

Article
Published: 25 August 2018 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Household CO2 emissions were increasing due to rapid economic growth and different household lifestyle. We assessed per capita household CO2 emissions (PHCEs) based on different household consuming demands (including clothing, food, residence, transportation and service) by using provincial capital city level survey data in China. The results showed that: (1) there was a declining trend moving from eastward to westward as well as moving from northward to southward in the distribution of PHCEs. (2) PHCEs from residence demand were the largest which accounted for 44% of the total. (3) Correlation analysis and spatial analysis (Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Error Model (SEM)) were used to evaluate the complex determinants of PHCEs. Per capita income (PI) and household size (HS) were analyzed as the key influencing factors. We concluded that PHCEs would increase by 0.2951% and decrease by 0.5114% for every 1% increase in PI and HS, respectively. According to the results, policy-makers should consider household consuming demand, income disparity and household size on the variations of PHCEs. The urgency was to improve technology and change household consuming lifestyle to reduce PHCEs.

ACS Style

Lina Liu; Jiansheng Qu; Zhiqiang Zhang; Jingjing Zeng; Jinping Wang; Liping Dong; Huijuan Pei; Qin Liao. Assessment and determinants of per capita household CO2 emissions (PHCEs) based on capital city level in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018, 28, 1467 -1484.

AMA Style

Lina Liu, Jiansheng Qu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jingjing Zeng, Jinping Wang, Liping Dong, Huijuan Pei, Qin Liao. Assessment and determinants of per capita household CO2 emissions (PHCEs) based on capital city level in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2018; 28 (10):1467-1484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Liu; Jiansheng Qu; Zhiqiang Zhang; Jingjing Zeng; Jinping Wang; Liping Dong; Huijuan Pei; Qin Liao. 2018. "Assessment and determinants of per capita household CO2 emissions (PHCEs) based on capital city level in China." Journal of Geographical Sciences 28, no. 10: 1467-1484.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2017 in Water
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This study evaluates the effect of policies that encourage farmers to shift to crops with higher water productivity (CWP) on the farm-level CWP of agricultural systems in a semi-arid region of western China. We combine survey results of farmers’ historical cropping decisions from a 2010 survey with estimates of CWP from agronomic experiments analogous to actual cultivation practices in the region to model CWP at the farm level and understand changes driven by shifting crops. Policies designed to replace subsistence agricultural systems with two cash crops; potatoes and maize; resulted in an increase in the CWP of semi-arid agricultural systems of approximately 30% between the years 1990–2010. This change was driven by shifting to crops that have a peak water demand that occurs in the portions of the growing season with the highest rainfall. The results of this article illustrate the potential of shifts in cropping patterns to increase the CWP of agricultural systems in semi-arid regions.

ACS Style

Afton Clarke-Sather; Xia Tang; Yonglan Xiong; Jiansheng Qu. The Impact of Green Water Management Strategies on Household-Level Agricultural Water Productivity in a Semi-Arid Region: A Survey-based Assessment. Water 2017, 10, 11 .

AMA Style

Afton Clarke-Sather, Xia Tang, Yonglan Xiong, Jiansheng Qu. The Impact of Green Water Management Strategies on Household-Level Agricultural Water Productivity in a Semi-Arid Region: A Survey-based Assessment. Water. 2017; 10 (1):11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Afton Clarke-Sather; Xia Tang; Yonglan Xiong; Jiansheng Qu. 2017. "The Impact of Green Water Management Strategies on Household-Level Agricultural Water Productivity in a Semi-Arid Region: A Survey-based Assessment." Water 10, no. 1: 11.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2015 in Energies
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The household sector consumes a large amount of goods and services and is therefore a major source of global carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze per person household carbon emission (HCEs) patterns of urban and rural China over the period from 1995 to 2011. Annual macroeconomic data for the study were obtained from authentic Chinese government sources. Direct HCE estimates for each fossil fuel were obtained using the IPCC’s reference approach, and indirect HCEs were calculated by input-output analysis. In 1995, per person HCEs from direct sources for urban and rural China were 0.50 tCO2 and 0.22 tCO2, respectively; by 2011, these values had increased to 0.60 tCO2 and 0.61 tCO2, an increase of 20% and 177.27%, respectively. Similarly, in 1995, per person HCEs from indirect sources for urban and rural China were 0.43 tCO2 and 0.16 tCO2, respectively; by 2011, these values had increased to 1.77 tCO2 and 0.53 tCO2, respectively, an increase of 306% and 235%. The reasons for these differences and the sets of policies required to rectify increasing emissions are discussed. If current trends and practices continue, with a RMB1000 increase in per capita income from 2011 levels, per person HCEs in urban and rural China will increase by 0.119 tCO2 and 0.197 tCO2, respectively. This result indicates that the sector of society which is most vulnerable will contribute most to China’s increasing HCEs. Therefore, while developing energy consumption and emissions reduction policies and programs, principles of fairness and equity need to be followed.

ACS Style

Jiansheng Qu; Tek Maraseni; Lina Liu; Zhiqiang Zhang; Talal Yusaf. A Comparison of Household Carbon Emission Patterns of Urban and Rural China over the 17 Year Period (1995–2011). Energies 2015, 8, 10537 -10557.

AMA Style

Jiansheng Qu, Tek Maraseni, Lina Liu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Talal Yusaf. A Comparison of Household Carbon Emission Patterns of Urban and Rural China over the 17 Year Period (1995–2011). Energies. 2015; 8 (9):10537-10557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiansheng Qu; Tek Maraseni; Lina Liu; Zhiqiang Zhang; Talal Yusaf. 2015. "A Comparison of Household Carbon Emission Patterns of Urban and Rural China over the 17 Year Period (1995–2011)." Energies 8, no. 9: 10537-10557.