At present, materials obtained from nature are adopted with high priority due to exploitation of natural resources ofthe materials. This work is focused on the use of natural fibre with nano-silica as reinforcement in epoxy resin as a matrix. The polymer composites were developed by mixing an appropriate amount of nano SiO₂ with bamboo fibres. After composite fabrication, specimens of standard size were prepared, and tests related to mechanical properties were performed. 32H compositesperformed best in the tensile test. The flexural test value for 32G composite was the highest. We found that the 32H composite had better energy absorption capacity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum composition of composites, and the effects of fibre and nano-SiO₂ on their mechanical properties were investigated. A central composite design was employed to analyse the composite properties. A second order polynomial model was used for predicting strength of the composites. It has been found that the composite was best fit by a quadratic regression model with an excessive co-efficient to determine the R² value. Effects of bamboo fibre and nano-SiO₂ were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Experiment found that two-layer natural bamboo fibre with 2 wt.% of silica is of high quality. Nano composites of fabricated natural fibre reinforced polymer has numerous uses in automotive, aircraft, aerospace, sporting, structural, and home appliance industries.

Solar energy has been identified as an excellent renewable energy source; nonetheless, the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system has the challenge of spectral mismatch, where the sun’s rays do not match the absorptivity of photovoltaics. There have been a considerable number of studies on splitting the sun’s spectrum into several regions to improve the efficiency of PV/T systems by optimizing both electrical and thermal energy. This paper provides a detailed review of spectral splitting techniques, including filters, dichroic mirrors, nanofluids, and concentration-based methods. There is also a thorough comparison of their performance in terms of electrical, thermal, and overall efficiency. Among the various studies on PV/T system efficiencies, it has been established that the nanofluid-based spectral splitter systems are the most efficient in converting energy, with a total efficiency of approximately 86.97%, which surpasses the efficiencies of the other two types: filters and concentrators. Also, it has been found that the nanofluid optical filtration system provides the most balanced electrical efficiency of up to [Formula: see text] alongside the best thermal efficiency ([Formula: see text]). In addition, the paper addresses long-term stability, optical losses, scalability, and techno-economics.

This study investigated the synthesis and microstructural evolution of AlFeCoNi medium-entropy alloy powder processed by ball milling, conventional uniaxial pressing, and vacuum sintering at 900 °C for 1 h. The mechanically milled powder exhibited a refined, irregular particle morphology with a broad size distribution, indicating extensive fracture and cold-welding during milling. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy) observations showed effective elemental mixing of Al, Fe, Co, and Ni, with only limited evidence of large-scale segregation, suggesting that mechanical alloying promoted compositional homogenization. After compaction and sintering, the powder compact exhibited noticeable changes in microstructural continuity and pore morphology, indicating further microstructural evolution during thermal treatment. Overall, the results demonstrate the microstructural evolution of AlFeCoNi MEA during ball milling and subsequent conventional sintering, while further investigation involving quantitative densification measurements and optimization of sintering conditions is required to establish the consolidation behavior and microstructural uniformity of the alloy.