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Prof. Woo-Kyun Lee
Korea University

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0 Disaster Risk Reduction
0 Forestry
0 land cover change detection
0 Climate change adaptation and mitigation
0 climage change

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Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Agronomy
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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges in Kyrgyzstan. There have been negative spillover effects in agriculture. This study aims to assess the climate change impacts on cropland suitability in Kyrgyzstan. We used the random forest algorithm to develop a model that captures the effects of multiple climate and environment factors at a spatial resolution of 1 km2. The model was then applied in the scenario analysis for an understanding of how climate change affects cropland distribution. The potential high-quality cropland was found to be included in existing croplands, while the remaining were distributed around the Chu-Talas valley, the Issyk-kul area, and the Fergana valley. These potential high-quality croplands comprise grasslands (47.1%) and croplands (43.7%). In the future, the potential high-quality cropland exhibited inland trends at the periphery of original cropland category, with grassland and cropland as the primary land components. Due to climate change, potential high-quality cropland is expected to gradually reduce from the 2050s to the 2070s, exhibiting the largest reduction in potential high-quality areas for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Therefore, the short- and long-term adaptation strategies are needed for prioritizing the croplands to ensure food security and agricultural resilience.

ACS Style

Sugyeong Park; Chul-Hee Lim; Sea Kim; Erkin Isaev; Sol-E Choi; Sung-Dae Lee; Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1490 .

AMA Style

Sugyeong Park, Chul-Hee Lim, Sea Kim, Erkin Isaev, Sol-E Choi, Sung-Dae Lee, Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sugyeong Park; Chul-Hee Lim; Sea Kim; Erkin Isaev; Sol-E Choi; Sung-Dae Lee; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1490.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Remote Sensing
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The role of forests to sequester carbon is considered an important strategy for mitigating climate change and achieving net zero emissions. However, forests in North Korea have continued to be cleared since the 1990s due to the lack of food and energy resources. Deforestation in this country has not been accurately classified nor consistently reported because of the characteristics of small patches. This study precisely determined the area of deforested land in North Korea through the vegetation phenological classification using high-resolution satellite imagery and deep learning algorithms. Effective afforestation target sites in North Korea were identified with priority grade. The U-Net deep learning algorithm and time-series Sentinel-2 satellite images were applied to phenological classification; the results reflected the small patch-like characteristics of deforestation in North Korea. Based on the phenological classification, the land cover of the country was classified with an accuracy of 84.6%; this included 2.6 million ha of unstocked forest and reclaimed forest. Sites for afforestation were prioritized into five grades based on deforested characteristics, altitude and slope. Forest area is expanded and the forest ecosystem is restored through successful afforestation, this may improve the overall ecosystem services in North Korea. In the long term, it will be possible to contribute to carbon neutrality and greenhouse gas reduction on the Korean Peninsula level through optimal afforestation by using these outcomes.

ACS Style

Joon Kim; Chul-Hee Lim; Hyun-Woo Jo; Woo-Kyun Lee. Phenological Classification Using Deep Learning and the Sentinel-2 Satellite to Identify Priority Afforestation Sites in North Korea. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2946 .

AMA Style

Joon Kim, Chul-Hee Lim, Hyun-Woo Jo, Woo-Kyun Lee. Phenological Classification Using Deep Learning and the Sentinel-2 Satellite to Identify Priority Afforestation Sites in North Korea. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (15):2946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joon Kim; Chul-Hee Lim; Hyun-Woo Jo; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Phenological Classification Using Deep Learning and the Sentinel-2 Satellite to Identify Priority Afforestation Sites in North Korea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 2946.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in Land
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Biodiversity loss is progressing despite biodiversity being essential for human survival, prosperity, and well-being. Conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of the habitat, given that its change is the most prominent factor causing the deterioration of biodiversity, represents a highly effective way of securing biodiversity. Therefore, we assessed and monitored habitat quality as a proxy for biodiversity with habitat quantity in Jeju Island, South Korea. We used an InVEST model with data on the habitat type, suitability, sensitivity, accessibility, and threat factors. Natural habitats throughout Jeju had rapidly decreased in area by 24.9% from 1989 to 2019, and this change contributed to the degradation of habitat quality by 15.8%. We provided significant evidence on the critical degradation of habitat for a long period of over 30 years and highlighted the urgent need for policies and behaviors that enhance biodiversity. We proposed appropriate strategies to prompt people to conserve better, restore effectively, and use biodiversity sustainably. We expect that our findings will provide scientific and evidence-based guidance for policy-making on biodiversity enhancement and will further support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets, in addition to compliance with the New Deal for Nature and People.

ACS Style

Hyun-Jung Hong; Choong-Ki Kim; Hyun-Woo Lee; Woo-Kyun Lee. Conservation, Restoration, and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Based on Habitat Quality Monitoring: A Case Study on Jeju Island, South Korea (1989–2019). Land 2021, 10, 774 .

AMA Style

Hyun-Jung Hong, Choong-Ki Kim, Hyun-Woo Lee, Woo-Kyun Lee. Conservation, Restoration, and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Based on Habitat Quality Monitoring: A Case Study on Jeju Island, South Korea (1989–2019). Land. 2021; 10 (8):774.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Jung Hong; Choong-Ki Kim; Hyun-Woo Lee; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Conservation, Restoration, and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Based on Habitat Quality Monitoring: A Case Study on Jeju Island, South Korea (1989–2019)." Land 10, no. 8: 774.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Understanding rainfall processes as the main driver of the hydrological cycle is important for formulating future water management strategies; however, rainfall data availability is challenging for countries such as Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate and compare the satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) derived from tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM 3B43v7), rainfall estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks—climate data record (PERSIANN-CDR), merged satellite-gauge rainfall estimate (IMERG), and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) with ground-observed data over the varied terrain of hydrologically diverse central and northeastern parts of Ethiopia—Awash River Basin (ARB). Areal comparisons were made between SREs and observed rainfall using various categorical indices and statistical evaluation criteria, and a non-parametric Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test was analyzed. The monthly weighted observed rainfall exhibited relatively comparable results with SREs, except for the annual peak rainfall shifts noted in all SREs. The PERSIANN-CDR products showed a decreasing trend in rainfall at elevations greater than 2250 m above sea level in a river basin. This demonstrates that elevation and rainfall regimes may affect satellite rainfall data. On the basis of modified Kling–Gupta Efficiency, the SREs from IMERG v06, TRMM 3B43v7, and PERSIANN-CDR performed well in descending order over the ARB. However, GSMaP showed poor performance except in the upland sub-basin. A high frequency of bias, which led to an overestimation of SREs, was exhibited in TRMM 3B43v7 and PERSIANN-CDR products in the eastern and lower basins. Furthermore, the MK test results of SREs showed that none of the sub-basins exhibited a monotonic trend at 5% significance level except the GSMap rainfall in the upland sub-basin. In ARB, except for the GSMaP, all SREs can be used as alternative options for rainfall frequency-, flood-, and drought-monitoring studies. However, some may require bias corrections to improve the data quality.

ACS Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Evaluation and Comparison of Satellite-Derived Estimates of Rainfall in the Diverse Climate and Terrain of Central and Northeastern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1275 .

AMA Style

Girma Adane, Birtukan Hirpa, Chul-Hee Lim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Evaluation and Comparison of Satellite-Derived Estimates of Rainfall in the Diverse Climate and Terrain of Central and Northeastern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (7):1275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Evaluation and Comparison of Satellite-Derived Estimates of Rainfall in the Diverse Climate and Terrain of Central and Northeastern Ethiopia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7: 1275.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2021 in Water
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Hydrologic models play an indispensable role in managing the scarce water resources of a region, and in developing countries, the availability and distribution of data are challenging. This research aimed to integrate and compare the satellite rainfall products, namely, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43v7) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), with a GR2M hydrological water balance model over a diversified terrain of the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), coefficient of determination (R 2), and root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were used to evaluate the satellite rainfall products and hydrologic model performances of the basin. The satellite rainfall estimations of both products showed a higher PCC (above 0.86) with areal observed rainfall in the Uplands, the Western highlands, and the Lower sub-basins. However, it was weakly associated in the Upper valley and the Eastern catchments of the basin ranging from 0.45 to 0.65. The findings of the assimilated satellite rainfall products with the GR2M model exhibited that 80% of the calibrated and 60% of the validated watersheds in a basin had lower magnitude of PBIAS (<±10), which resulted in better accuracy in flow simulation. The poor performance with higher PBIAS (≥±25) of the GR2M model was observed only in the Melka Kuntire (TRMM 3B43v7 and PERSIANN-CDR), Mojo (PERSIANN-CDR), Metehara (in all rainfall data sets), and Kessem (TRMM 3B43v7) watersheds. Therefore, integrating these satellite rainfall data, particularly in the data-scarce basin, with hydrological data, generally appeared to be useful. However, validation with the ground observed data is required for effective water resources planning and management in a basin. Furthermore, it is recommended to make bias corrections for watersheds with poorlyww performing satellite rainfall products of higher PBIAS before assimilating with the hydrologic model.

ACS Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Belay Gebru; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. Integrating Satellite Rainfall Estimates with Hydrological Water Balance Model: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Water 2021, 13, 800 .

AMA Style

Girma Adane, Birtukan Hirpa, Belay Gebru, Cholho Song, Woo-Kyun Lee. Integrating Satellite Rainfall Estimates with Hydrological Water Balance Model: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Water. 2021; 13 (6):800.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Belay Gebru; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Integrating Satellite Rainfall Estimates with Hydrological Water Balance Model: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 6: 800.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Global challenges including overpopulation, climate change, and income inequality have increased, and a demand for sustainability has emerged. Decision-making for sustainable development is multifaceted and interlinked, owing to the diverse interests of different stakeholders and political conflicts. Analysing a situation from all social, political, environmental, and economic perspectives is necessary to achieve balanced growth and facilitate sustainable development. South Korea was among the poorest countries following the Korean War; however, it has developed rapidly since 1955. This growth was not limited to economic development alone, and the chronology of South Korean development may serve as a reference for development in other countries. Here, we explore the compressed growth of South Korea using a narrative approach and time-series, comparative, and spatial analyses. Developmental indicators, along with the modern history of South Korea, are introduced to explain the reasons for compressed growth. The development of the mid-latitude region comprising 46 countries in this study, where nearly half of Earth’s population resides, was compared with that of South Korea; results show that the developmental chronology of South Korea can serve as a reference for national development in this region.

ACS Style

Sea Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee; Jun Ahn; Wona Lee; Soo Lee. Analysis of Developmental Chronology of South Korean Compressed Growth as a Reference from Sustainable Development Perspectives. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1905 .

AMA Style

Sea Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee, Jun Ahn, Wona Lee, Soo Lee. Analysis of Developmental Chronology of South Korean Compressed Growth as a Reference from Sustainable Development Perspectives. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sea Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee; Jun Ahn; Wona Lee; Soo Lee. 2021. "Analysis of Developmental Chronology of South Korean Compressed Growth as a Reference from Sustainable Development Perspectives." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1905.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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Constant environmental degradation and increased frequency and severity of natural disasters have been evident over the past few decades worldwide. As such, scientific tools to predict and assess risks keep being developed. Assessing disaster risk is an important task in supporting the transition to a sustainable society. However, as disasters and systems become more complex, disaster models combining diverse aspects including climatic, social, economic, and environmental factors are necessary. For this study, we set a model using the concept of risk by identifying hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. Here, the vulnerability was classified into two domains, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, and two spheres, natural/built environment and human environment. Also, we stressed that controllable geo-spatial indicators should be included in risk assessments to effectively reduce risk and implement adequate spatio-temporal actions. The approach of this study was applied to Kazakhstan and South Korea as a pilot study to develop Agricultural Drought Risk Index (ADRI) and maps. As a result, the agricultural drought risk could be analyzed for South Korea and Kazakhstan. In addition, we performed additional spatial analyses at a reasonable scale for practical use. It was concluded that prioritizing risk areas at administrative and site level could contribute in decision and policy-making for risk reduction. Furthermore, spatial data availability and quality were found to be significant in assessing disaster risk.

ACS Style

Sea Jin Kim; Sugyeong Park; Soo Jeong Lee; Altynay Shaimerdenova; Jiwon Kim; Eunbeen Park; Wona Lee; Gang Sun Kim; Nahui Kim; Tae Hyung Kim; Chul-Hee Lim; Yuyoung Choi; Woo-Kyun Lee. Developing spatial agricultural drought risk index with controllable geo-spatial indicators: A case study for South Korea and Kazakhstan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 54, 102056 .

AMA Style

Sea Jin Kim, Sugyeong Park, Soo Jeong Lee, Altynay Shaimerdenova, Jiwon Kim, Eunbeen Park, Wona Lee, Gang Sun Kim, Nahui Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, Chul-Hee Lim, Yuyoung Choi, Woo-Kyun Lee. Developing spatial agricultural drought risk index with controllable geo-spatial indicators: A case study for South Korea and Kazakhstan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 54 ():102056.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sea Jin Kim; Sugyeong Park; Soo Jeong Lee; Altynay Shaimerdenova; Jiwon Kim; Eunbeen Park; Wona Lee; Gang Sun Kim; Nahui Kim; Tae Hyung Kim; Chul-Hee Lim; Yuyoung Choi; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Developing spatial agricultural drought risk index with controllable geo-spatial indicators: A case study for South Korea and Kazakhstan." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 54, no. : 102056.

Original article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Regional Environmental Change
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We present a study about the integrated impact of adaptive management and climate change using spatially explicit tools at first time for assessing changes in forest ecosystem services in South Korea. The aims of this study were to (i) project potential changes among forest ecosystem services under various scenarios, (ii) assess the impact of forest management (Sc1, controlled; Sc2, business as usual; and Sc3, adaptive management) and climate change through comparison among them, and (iii) find insight for strategies to implementing both sustainable society and environment. For this purpose, the integrated tool was applied to analyze the changes in five ecosystem services: forest carbon storage, carbon sequestration, industrial wood production, freshwater supply, and forest recreation. The simulated results show that the ratio of these five ecosystem services of Sc3-to-Sc2 in the 2040s was estimated as 88.4%, 114.7%, 105.4%, 228.2%, and 86.5%, respectively. These results showed clear trade-offs between industrial wood production and freshwater supply on one side and forest recreation and forest carbon storage on the other side. In the case of carbon sequestration, the harvest activity might provide a negative effect in the short term, but it with a longer term perspective could be positive through reforestation activity. In addition, this study showed that future climate change until 2050 in Korea could have a generally negative influence on forest carbon sequestration but that these negative effects could be partly offset through harvest management. Therefore, the plans of the spatial distribution of management activities for the equilibrium of demand and supply in ecosystem services should be required.

ACS Style

Moonil Kim; Florian Kraxner; Nicklas Forsell; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. Enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services in South Korea under climate change: The benefits and pitfalls of current forest management strategies. Regional Environmental Change 2021, 21, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Moonil Kim, Florian Kraxner, Nicklas Forsell, Cholho Song, Woo-Kyun Lee. Enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services in South Korea under climate change: The benefits and pitfalls of current forest management strategies. Regional Environmental Change. 2021; 21 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moonil Kim; Florian Kraxner; Nicklas Forsell; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services in South Korea under climate change: The benefits and pitfalls of current forest management strategies." Regional Environmental Change 21, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Journal of Climate Change Research
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Urban flooding is caused by an increase in surface area as a side effect of both urbanization and the natural limitations of drainage system capacity to cope with surface runoff. Appropriate measures are necessary to respond to urban flood damage. To respond to areas with surface runoff damage due to the prevalence of urban floods, this research provides green infrastructure planning by deriving optimal routes. This is accomplished by conducting analysis with respect to surface runoff networks as well as selecting target areas for green infrastructure applications. Our proposed green infrastructure planning process is presented by applying it to Daejeon Metropolitan City. A Least-Cost Paths analysis was utilized to derive the optimal surface runoff network, and a flood vulnerability analysis was performed by selecting target areas for green infrastructure planning. Finally, the types of green infrastructure were classified based on a literature review to suggest applicable types of green infrastructures within each target area. The main results of applying this method to Daejeon Metropolitan City are as follows. First, the optimal surface runoff network was derived from the starting point of the Gap Stream to the destination point of Se-dong basin area within Yuseong-gu. Second, seven cells with high flood vulnerability were derived where the green infrastructure would be applied as a priority. Finally, the green infrastructure considering its application in each cell was derived, including green alleys, detention ponds, bio-swales, and permeable pavement. This research was able to establish the proposed method by combining the optimal surface runoff network derivation with green infrastructure planning. This process is universally applicable to areas where urban flood damage occurs, including Daejeon Metropolitan City, where this case study was conducted.

ACS Style

Hyojoo Han; Kihwan Song; Woo-Kyun Lee; Jinhyung Chon. Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Flood Damage Reduction based on an Optimal Surface Runoff Network. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 739 -753.

AMA Style

Hyojoo Han, Kihwan Song, Woo-Kyun Lee, Jinhyung Chon. Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Flood Damage Reduction based on an Optimal Surface Runoff Network. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (6-2):739-753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyojoo Han; Kihwan Song; Woo-Kyun Lee; Jinhyung Chon. 2020. "Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Flood Damage Reduction based on an Optimal Surface Runoff Network." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 6-2: 739-753.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Journal of Climate Change Research
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Using the nexus approach is essential to achieve sustainable development goals. But inter-linkage research based on forest goals is insufficient. In this study, K-SDGs and some policies such as laws and plans related to forest sectors were reviewed to extract keywords and inter-linkages were identified through the keywords. Among K-SDGs, 15 goals are linked to forests except for Goal 5 and Goal 10. In addition, targets with the most positive impact are sustainable forest management (15.2), restoration of devastated land (15.3), conservation of protected areas (15.1), ecological restoration (15.8), conservation of endangered species (15.4), share the benefit of genetic resources (15.5), prevention of capture and smuggling (15.6), and eradication of invasion by genetic resources (15.7). In order to achieve goals related to forest sectors, an understanding that includes society, environment, and economy is directly or indirectly needed. In the future, studies that investigate major circumstances such as the inter-linkage of each target or indicator will be needed that use quantitative methods or modeling.

ACS Style

Youngjin Ko; Mina Hong; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Sugyeong Park; Raehyun Kim; Eunho Choi; Woo-Kyun Lee. Analysis on Inter-linkage between Korean-Sustainable Development Goals (K-SDGs) and Major Forest Policies and Plans. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 583 -596.

AMA Style

Youngjin Ko, Mina Hong, Jiwon Kim, Cholho Song, Sugyeong Park, Raehyun Kim, Eunho Choi, Woo-Kyun Lee. Analysis on Inter-linkage between Korean-Sustainable Development Goals (K-SDGs) and Major Forest Policies and Plans. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (6-1):583-596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Youngjin Ko; Mina Hong; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Sugyeong Park; Raehyun Kim; Eunho Choi; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Analysis on Inter-linkage between Korean-Sustainable Development Goals (K-SDGs) and Major Forest Policies and Plans." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 6-1: 583-596.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2020 in Environmental Challenges
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Rapid urbanization is changing landscapes often resulting in the degradation of ecosystem services and quality of urban life. Remote sensing and GIS tools can provide valuable information to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of these changes to better plan and build sustainable cities for the future. Using remote sensing data, socio-economic data, and field observations, we simulated spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover changes in the city of Thimphu. Simulation results reveal that the landscape of Thimphu city has changed considerably during the study period and the change trend is predicted to continue into 2050. The study observed a significant increase (12.77%) in built-up area from 2002 (52.88%) to 2018 (65.5%), followed by a slight increase in the cover of bare ground. On the contrary, forest cover declined drastically (15.25%) followed by agriculture (1.01%). Rapid population growth triggered by rural urban migration coupled with hasty socio-economic development post democracy are the main drivers of these changes. These changes have fragmentated forest cover, increased soil/gully erosion, surface runoff, and storm induced floods of storm and sanitation drains, thereby impinging on the overall quality of life in the city. Under the business as usual scenario, prediction analysis for the year 2050 show that built up area will consume almost all of the city area (73.21%) with forest significantly reduced to patches making up only about 16% of the city. These findings beg for an urgent need to implement effective planning specially to protect the existing forest and water resources from further degradation.

ACS Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; LamChin Munkhnasan; Woo-Kyun Lee. Land use and land cover change detection and prediction in Bhutan's high altitude city of Thimphu, using cellular automata and Markov chain. Environmental Challenges 2020, 2, 100017 .

AMA Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang, LamChin Munkhnasan, Woo-Kyun Lee. Land use and land cover change detection and prediction in Bhutan's high altitude city of Thimphu, using cellular automata and Markov chain. Environmental Challenges. 2020; 2 ():100017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; LamChin Munkhnasan; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Land use and land cover change detection and prediction in Bhutan's high altitude city of Thimphu, using cellular automata and Markov chain." Environmental Challenges 2, no. : 100017.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Forest spatial information is regularly established and managed as basic data for national forest planning and forest policy establishment. Among them, the grade of vegetation conservation shall be investigated and evaluated according to the value of vegetation conservation. As the collection of field data over large or remote areas is difficult, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used for this purpose. Consequently, there is a need for research on UAV-monitoring and three-dimensional (3D) image generation techniques. In this study, a new method that can efficiently collect and analyze UAV spatial data to survey and assess forests was developed. Both UAV-based and LiDAR imaging methods were evaluated in conjunction with the ground control point measurement method for forest surveys. In addition, by fusing the field survey database of each target site and the UAV optical and LiDAR images, the Gongju, Samcheok, and Seogwipo regions were analyzed based on deep learning. The kappa value showed 0.59, 0.47, and 0.78 accuracy for each of the sites in terms of vegetation type (artificial or natural), and 0.68, 0.53, and 0.62 accuracy in terms of vegetation layer structure. The results of comparative analysis with ecological natural maps by establishing vegetation conservation levels show that about 83.9% of the areas are consistent. The findings verified the applicability of this UAV-based approach for the construction of geospatial information on forests. The proposed method can be useful for improving the efficiency of the Vegetation Conservation Classification system and for conducting high-resolution monitoring in forests worldwide.

ACS Style

Yongyan Zhu; Seongwoo Jeon; Hyunchan Sung; Yoonji Kim; Chiyoung Park; Sungeun Cha; Hyun-Woo Jo; Woo-Kyun Lee. Developing UAV-Based Forest Spatial Information and Evaluation Technology for Efficient Forest Management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10150 .

AMA Style

Yongyan Zhu, Seongwoo Jeon, Hyunchan Sung, Yoonji Kim, Chiyoung Park, Sungeun Cha, Hyun-Woo Jo, Woo-Kyun Lee. Developing UAV-Based Forest Spatial Information and Evaluation Technology for Efficient Forest Management. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongyan Zhu; Seongwoo Jeon; Hyunchan Sung; Yoonji Kim; Chiyoung Park; Sungeun Cha; Hyun-Woo Jo; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Developing UAV-Based Forest Spatial Information and Evaluation Technology for Efficient Forest Management." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10150.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Understanding the timing and variability of rainfall is crucial for the effective management of water resources in river basins dominated by rainfed agricultural practices. Our study aimed to characterize rainfall and analyze the trends in the length of wet spells (LWS) in the Upper Awash River Basin—one of the most water-stressed river basins in Ethiopia. We applied statistical descriptors and a Mann–Kendall (MK) test to determine the onset, end, and LWS for the small (Belg) and main (Kiremt) rainy seasons across different landscapes of the basin. We observed highly stable rainfall onsets in all stations during both seasons. However, unlike the Kiremt season, the LWS in the Belg season was too short and unreliable for rainfed agriculture. Based on the MK test, an increasing monotonic trend in LWS during the Kiremt season was detected only in the mountainous landscape of the basin. In contrast, we observed no trends in the remaining stations in the Upper Valley region of the basin, despite the linear regressions inferring an upward or downward pattern. Our findings provide accurate climatological information for the effective development of rainwater management strategies in the Upper Awash River Basin.

ACS Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. Rainfall Characterization and Trend Analysis of Wet Spell Length across Varied Landscapes of the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9221 .

AMA Style

Girma Adane, Birtukan Hirpa, Cholho Song, Woo-Kyun Lee. Rainfall Characterization and Trend Analysis of Wet Spell Length across Varied Landscapes of the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Cholho Song; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Rainfall Characterization and Trend Analysis of Wet Spell Length across Varied Landscapes of the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9221.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2020 in Journal of Climate Change Research
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The importance of spatial data is rising as a means to reduce vulnerabilities and risks associated with climate change. Considering the recognition of its importance, many developing countries are struggling with capacity building for spatial data construction. The key objective of this study is to understand the current status and challenges of spatial data construction in Central Asian countries with a focus on enhancing the use of spatial data in Central Asian countries through international cooperation. The target countries are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This research used the official data provided on the websites of cartography agencies in Central Asia countries as well as data presented at regional workshops on the integration of statistical and spatial data in Central Asia, which was conducted by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). The collected data are classified into three types: fundamental maps, thematic maps and NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure). Through this classification, analyses of the resolution level and the data-sharing system were conducted. The results show that each country exhibits differences in spatial information capabilities. In the case of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, satellite data produced by the aerospace agency are actively used for land management, focusing on the ecosystem. However, other countries mainly rely on statistical data to manage the land, and it is found that spatial data are not actively utilized. In addition, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have implemented the NSDI over the past years, which facilitates the sharing of spatial data. However, the rest of the countries in Central Asia show limitations in terms of sharing geospatial data, and additionally lack data infrastructure. This paper reveals the differences in national competency when using and managing geospatial data among Central Asian countries. The results of this analysis will contribute to building future policies and actions, acting as a reference for improving the national capacity, relevant infrastructure, and regional-international cooperation.

ACS Style

Minwoo Roh; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Tae-Hyoung Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Status of Spatial Data Construction for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Central Asia. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 329 -342.

AMA Style

Minwoo Roh, Jiwon Kim, Cholho Song, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Status of Spatial Data Construction for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Central Asia. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (5-1):329-342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minwoo Roh; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Tae-Hyoung Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Status of Spatial Data Construction for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Central Asia." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 5-1: 329-342.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Water
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This study aimed to analyze the probability of the occurrence of dry/wet spell rainfall using the Markov chain model in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. The rainfall analysis was conducted in the short rainy (Belg) and long rainy (Kiremt) seasons on a dekadal (10–day) scale over a 30-year period. In the Belg season, continuous, three-dekad dry spells were prevalent at all stations. Persistent dry spells might result in meteorological, hydrological, and socio-economic drought (in that order) and merge with the Kiremt season. The consecutive wet dekads of the Kiremt season indicate a higher probability of wet dekads at all stations, except Metehara. This station experienced a short duration (dekads 20–23) of wet spells, in which precipitation is more than 50% likely. Nevertheless, surplus rainwater may be recorded at Debrezeit and Wonji only in the Kiremt season because of a higher probability of wet spells in most dekads (dekads 19–24). At these stations, rainfall can be harvested for better water management practices to supply irrigation during the dry season, to conserve moisture, and to reduce erosion. This reduces the vulnerability of the farmers around the river basin, particularly in areas where dry spell dekads are dominant.

ACS Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dry and Wet Spells in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Water 2020, 12, 3051 .

AMA Style

Girma Adane, Birtukan Hirpa, Chul-Hee Lim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dry and Wet Spells in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Girma Adane; Birtukan Hirpa; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dry and Wet Spells in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water 12, no. 11: 3051.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2020 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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Analysis of the correlation between vegetation greenness and climate variable trends is important in the study of vegetation greenness. Our study used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-3rd generation data from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer - Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (AVHRR-GIMMS NDVI3g), land cover data from the Climate Change Initiative (CCI-LC), and climate data from the Climatic Research Unit global time series (CRU TS) of climate variables (temperature and precipitation, solar radiation) over the past 33 years. First, we estimated the overall trends for vegetation greenness and climate variables over five time periods. Second, we subjected the data to correlation, regression, and residual analyses to detect correlations between vegetation greenness and different climate variables. Third, we extracted trends and correlation results by primary land cover types for each climate zone. Our study was focused at the global scale, and findings indicate that the largest decreasing trend of vegetation greenness and grasslands occurred in the mid-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere and in parts of South America, Africa, Saudi Arabia, and south and northeast Asia. In particular, the cold climatic zones of forest (36.6%), cropland (36.6%), and grassland (14.1%) suffered significant decline in vegetation greenness. Anthropogenic activities are mainly responsible for declining vegetation greenness particularly in northern Africa, central and western Asia. However, residual analysis shows an increase in vegetation greenness in some parts of western Europe, southern Australia, and the northern part of South America. The study also identified temperature and precipitation as the main factors responsible for controlling vegetation growth. Hot-spot areas with the largest temperature increases were found in the Amazon, Central America, southern Greenland, east Africa, south-east Asia, and other areas. However, temperatures decreased in the western part of South America, Angola, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Precipitation decreased the most from March to May over most parts of the world with high correlation (r = 0.88) in Russia Canada, northeast Asia, and central Africa. In general, climate factors were the principal drivers of the variation in vegetation greenness globally in recent years.

ACS Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Chul-Hee Lim; Altansukh Ochir; Ukrainskiy Pavel; Belay Manju Gebru; Yuyoung Choi; Seong Woo Jeon; Woo-Kyun Lee. Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014. Global Ecology and Conservation 2020, 24, e01299 .

AMA Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin, Sonam Wangyel Wang, Chul-Hee Lim, Altansukh Ochir, Ukrainskiy Pavel, Belay Manju Gebru, Yuyoung Choi, Seong Woo Jeon, Woo-Kyun Lee. Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020; 24 ():e01299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Chul-Hee Lim; Altansukh Ochir; Ukrainskiy Pavel; Belay Manju Gebru; Yuyoung Choi; Seong Woo Jeon; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014." Global Ecology and Conservation 24, no. : e01299.

Research article
Published: 17 September 2020 in Land Degradation & Development
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Understanding the spatial and temporal changes in actual evapotranspiration (ETa) caused by different human activities is important for water management in water‐sensitive areas, because ETa plays a major role in regulating the availability of water on land. Thus, ETa observation is particularly important for observing land degradation in the watershed. This study used the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model to perform ETa estimations and observations in the Tumen River Basin (TRB), covering the border of China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), over the last 30 years by using eight periods of clear sky Landsat Thematic Mapper/Operational Land Imager (TM/OLI) and thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) data. To assess the reliability of the ETa estimations, multi‐layer soil temperatures from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System Version 2.0 (CLDAS‐V2.0) were utilized. The highest R2 (0.71) between ETa and soil temperature was observed in layers shallower than 10 cm; this value of R2 gradually decreased to 0.57 at a depth of 200 cm. The average ETa of the TRB declined from 1.65 mm in 1985 to 1.03 mm in 2017. The impact of human activities on water loss (ETa) was determined by comparing land cover changes observed by an object‐based image analysis (OBIA) approach and economic activities between 1994 and 2008. Varying economic activities and water depletion in different soil layers may have led to the variable ETa values between the northern (China) and southern (DPRK) part of the TRB during the last three decades. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Hangnan Yu; Woo‐Kyun Lee; Lan Li; Ri Jin; Weihong Zhu; Zhen Xu; Guishan Cui. Inferring the potential impact of human activities on evapotranspiration in the Tumen River Basin based on LANDSAT imagery and historical statistics. Land Degradation & Development 2020, 32, 926 -935.

AMA Style

Hangnan Yu, Woo‐Kyun Lee, Lan Li, Ri Jin, Weihong Zhu, Zhen Xu, Guishan Cui. Inferring the potential impact of human activities on evapotranspiration in the Tumen River Basin based on LANDSAT imagery and historical statistics. Land Degradation & Development. 2020; 32 (2):926-935.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hangnan Yu; Woo‐Kyun Lee; Lan Li; Ri Jin; Weihong Zhu; Zhen Xu; Guishan Cui. 2020. "Inferring the potential impact of human activities on evapotranspiration in the Tumen River Basin based on LANDSAT imagery and historical statistics." Land Degradation & Development 32, no. 2: 926-935.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Central Asian countries, which are included the Mid-Latitude Region (MLR), need to develop regional adaptive strategies for reducing Sand and Dust Storm (SDS)-induced negative damages based on adequate information and data. To overcome current limitation about data and assessment approaches in this region, the macroscale verified methodologies were required. Therefore, this study analyzed environmental conditions based on the SDS impacts and regional differences of SDS sources and receptors to support regional SDS adaptation plans. This study aims to identify environmental conditions based on the phased SDS impact and regional differences of SDS source and receptor to support regional adaptation plans in MLR. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Aridity Index (AI), and SDS frequency were calculated based on satellite images and observed meteorological data. The relationship among SDS frequency, vegetation, and dryness was determined by performing statistical analysis. In order to reflect phased SDS impact and regional differences, SDS frequency was classified into five classes, and representative study areas were selected by dividing source and receptor in Central Asia and East Asia. The spatial analysis was performed to characterize the effect of phased SDS impact and regional distribution differences pattern of NDVI and AI. The result revealed that vegetation condition was negatively correlated with the SDS frequency, while dryness and the SDS frequency were positively correlated. In particular, the range of dryness and vegetation was related to the SDS frequency class and regional difference based on spatial analysis. Overall, the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea can be considered as an active source of SDS in Central Asia, and the regions were likely to expand into potential SDS risk areas compared to East Asia. This study presents the possibility of potential SDS risk area using continuously monitored vegetation and dryness index, and aids in decision-making which prioritizes vegetation restoration to prevent SDS damages with the macrolevel approach in the MLR perspective.

ACS Style

Eunbeen Park; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Hyun-Woo Jo; Sujong Lee; Sea Kim; Sugyeong Park; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Applicability Analysis of Vegetation Condition and Dryness for Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) Risk Reduction in SDS Source and Receptor Region. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7256 .

AMA Style

Eunbeen Park, Jiwon Kim, Cholho Song, Hyun-Woo Jo, Sujong Lee, Sea Kim, Sugyeong Park, Chul-Hee Lim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Applicability Analysis of Vegetation Condition and Dryness for Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) Risk Reduction in SDS Source and Receptor Region. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eunbeen Park; Jiwon Kim; Cholho Song; Hyun-Woo Jo; Sujong Lee; Sea Kim; Sugyeong Park; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Applicability Analysis of Vegetation Condition and Dryness for Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) Risk Reduction in SDS Source and Receptor Region." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7256.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2020 in Journal of Climate Change Research
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The objective of this study was to predict the potential distribution change for vulnerable and endangered tree species (Picea jezoensis, Abies koreana, Abies nephrolepis, and Pinus pumila) under climate change. To this end, HyTAG (Hydrological and Thermal Analogy Groups), the Korea-specific forest cover distribution model based on hydrological and thermal indices, was used to predict the potential spatio-temporal distribution changes in tree species. As a result, the optimal habitat of vulnerable and endangered tree species (Picea jezoensis, Abies koreana, Abies nephrolepis, and Pinus pumila) under the potential impact of climate change is expected to shrink rapidly and is going to appear only in Gangwon Province in the future. Also, comparing the distribution range of tree species, Picea jezoensis has the largest distribution range compared to the other tree species. On the other hand, the optimal habitat of Pinus pumila is the smallest. This means that physical environment for Pinus pumila tends to be rapidly reduced. These results show that these tree species are facing a great risk due to climate change, and this is expected to be an important input or tool for decision-making with respect to establishing management and conservation measures to reduce the negative impact of climate change.

ACS Style

Somin Yoo; Chul-Hee Lim; Moonil Kim; Cholho Song; Sea Jin Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Potential Distribution of Endangered Coniferous Tree Species under Climate Change. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 215 -226.

AMA Style

Somin Yoo, Chul-Hee Lim, Moonil Kim, Cholho Song, Sea Jin Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Potential Distribution of Endangered Coniferous Tree Species under Climate Change. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (4):215-226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Somin Yoo; Chul-Hee Lim; Moonil Kim; Cholho Song; Sea Jin Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Potential Distribution of Endangered Coniferous Tree Species under Climate Change." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 4: 215-226.

Review
Published: 24 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Despite being Asia’s fastest-growing economy, as of 2015, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) ranked the Philippines 33rd out of 48 countries in terms of water security. This verifies that economic development does not always lead to better provisions of basic needs. This study attempts to discover the fundamental issues that decrease water security in Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. With El Niño disrupting the optimal weather conditions, Metro Manila is facing the lasting impacts of a water shortage crisis, which is the worst in the past decade. This research inspects the role of climate change in exacerbating El Niño, and its threat to the water security of the developing city. Furthermore, other factors that influence Metro Manila’s water security are discussed. Upon establishing a correlation between climate change and El Niño, Metro Manila’s general water management strategy is evaluated to better assess the multiple factors that have led to the current water shortage crisis. This paper is intended to recommend necessary and feasible proactive measures that are geared towards water security in Metro Manila, and possibly other cities with similar circumstances.

ACS Style

Halim Lee; Jaewon Son; Dayoon Joo; Jinhyeok Ha; SeongReal Yun; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Sustainable Water Security Based on the SDG Framework: A Case Study of the 2019 Metro Manila Water Crisis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6860 .

AMA Style

Halim Lee, Jaewon Son, Dayoon Joo, Jinhyeok Ha, SeongReal Yun, Chul-Hee Lim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Sustainable Water Security Based on the SDG Framework: A Case Study of the 2019 Metro Manila Water Crisis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halim Lee; Jaewon Son; Dayoon Joo; Jinhyeok Ha; SeongReal Yun; Chul-Hee Lim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Sustainable Water Security Based on the SDG Framework: A Case Study of the 2019 Metro Manila Water Crisis." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6860.