Facial plastic surgery is associated with a growing number of medicolegal challenges, particularly because of postoperative complications and patient dissatisfaction. This systematic review aimed to examine the medicolegal challenges associated with facial plastic surgery, focusing on postoperative complications, patient dissatisfaction, litigation cases, and medicolegal risk factors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Cochrane Library (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA), SCOPUS (Elsevier), and Google Scholar (Alphabet Inc., Mountain View, CA) from 2020 to 2024. Medicolegal cases related to facial aesthetic surgeries were included. In total, 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. The leading causes of litigation included unsatisfactory aesthetic outcomes, failure of informed consent, technical surgical errors, and inadequate postoperative follow-up. The highest litigation rates were reported in countries with high volumes of plastic surgery cases and stringent regulations. This review highlights the increasing medicolegal burden in aesthetic surgery. Informed consent, postoperative monitoring, and technical precision are crucial for mitigating risks and preventing malpractice claims. The study synthesized medicolegal trends across all major facial aesthetic surgeries. It incorporated a global perspective, analyzing litigation data from over 10 countries, which is uncommon in most similar studies.

Background: Aesthetic body surgeries such as liposuction, abdominoplasty, gluteoplasty, and breast augmentation have seen a global rise. However, the growing popularity of these procedures has led to increased reports of postoperative complications and medico-legal disputes. Objective: To systematically review complications and litigation outcomes associated with aesthetic body surgeries and identify the most common risk factors contributing to legal claims. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (registration on PROSPERO ID: CRD420251043585). Forty-one studies published since between 2020 and 2025 were included. Complications, allegations, and legal outcomes were extracted and analysed. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Infection (48.7%), fat embolism (26.8%), and hematoma (21.9%) were the most frequent complications. Gluteal fat grafting had the highest mortality and legal risk, with a 7.77% incidence of fat embolism. Inadequate informed consent was a leading allegation in over 50% of cases. Claims most often resulted in dismissal (45-76%), but 20-40% led to settlements or plaintiff verdicts, especially in cases of severe complications such as embolism or disfigurement. The pooled average of favourable verdicts for surgeons was 54.3% (95% CI: 49-59%). Publication bias was suggested by asymmetrical funnel plot distribution and high heterogeneity (I ² > 90%). Conclusion: Medico-legal disputes in aesthetic body surgery commonly arise from preventable complications, especially when informed consent is inadequate or postoperative care is substandard. Standardised consent process, improved documentation, procedure-specific risk communication, and regulation of outpatient practices are critical to reducing litigation risk. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The human skull is the part of the skeleton most frequently used in population studies, as it was more exposed to genetic factors and less exposed to environmental factors. The skull is an important component in human forensic identification. The craniometric characteristics of 186 male and 114 female skulls found on the territory of Kazakhstan were studied. Dimensions were measured using standard anthropometric methods and instruments. The results of measurements of 25 craniometric parameters are presented. Methods of descriptive and parametric statistics were used. Statistical analysis showed significant regional dimorphism, confirming theindividuality of the Kazakhstan population. Statistically significant deviations werefound in 6 male craniometric characteristics and 4 female craniometric characteristics(p<0.05). The most dimorphous variables for regional identification in Kazakhstanmales were the higher skull base and frontal chord width , full face height , condylarand bigonial width , and low mandibular body reference values (p<0.05). For females,significant statistical discrepancies were seen in the transverse diameter and skullbase width, mastoid and occipital aperture width (p<0.05). The recorded variations and changes in the morphology of the humanskull of the population of Kazakhstan indicate the need to develop and updateosteometric standards used in practice for specific populations. All this will significantlyimprove the accuracy of forensic identification and more fully study the biologicalpatterns of population formation, as well as evaluate the comparative effectiveness ofindividual features in the reconstruction of the population history of various populationgroups.

This systematic review examines the forensic value of condom residue detection in biological samples, particularly in sexual assault investigations where DNA evidence is absent. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar), two trial registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP), and four grey literature sources (PQDT, WorldCat, OATD, F1000). Studies published in English from January 1, 2020, to February 28, 2025, were screened using predefined PICO(S) criteria. Eight eligible studies involving human matrices were included. The analytical techniques assessed included DRIFTS-FTIR, ATR-FTIR, Py-GC/MS, GC-MS, and sfPESI-MS. DRIFTS-FTIR demonstrated strong spectral resolution for detecting PDMS-based silicone lubricants, while ATR-FTIR achieved 100 % classification accuracy under controlled laboratory conditions. The combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques (e.g., ATR-FTIR + GC-MS) yielded more reliable and confirmatory results. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool for experimental studies and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for case reports. Key limitations included small sample sizes, variability in collection protocols, and the lack of validated field methods. Overall, the findings highlight the need for methodological integration and standardisation in forensic lubricant trace analysis. PROSPERO registration: CRD420251004301. No external funding was received.

The aim of this study is to estimate the variability limits of craniometric skull parameters, revealed in Kazakhstan, and find out significant criteria for forensic medical identification of the local population. The investigation included 25 standard craniometric skull parameters, revealed in Kazakhstan. Standard antropometric tests and tools were used. Current study confirm that the craniometrics indicators of Kazakhstan population have specific regional features. The skulls, revealed in Kazakhstan, are well craniometrically differentiated. Statistically significant differences were found out in 6 craniometric parameters in men (width of skull base, frontal chord, full face height, condylar and bigonial width, mandibular height) and in 4 parameters in women (transverse diameter, width of skull base, mastoid width, width of occipital foramen). The usage of updated data according to the regional features of the craniometrics parameters allow to significantly improve the forensic identification accuracy, study more completely the biological regularities of population formation and assess the comparative efficacy of individual features in the population reconstructions.

BACKGROUND: Craniometric indicators are one of the most reliable sources of information about the population. Despite the development of genetic methods, skull measurements are extremely important in anthropology and forensic medicine. In addition to the history of population development, environmental factors such as climate and lifestyle contribute to variations in human skull shape. Due to the high variability of human individuals, the anthropological study of the population is carried out selectively, with a comparison of different population groups (ethnic, professional, age, gender). The lack of clear ideas about the typical parameters and proportions of the skull among the people of Kazakhstan creates a certain gap in forensic-medical identification. AIM: The aim of the work is to check the hypothesis about the relationship between variations in skull morphology and changes in craniometric indicators with climatic conditions and the specifics of lifestyle in populations living in different territories of Kazakhstan. METHODS: 187 male and 114 female adult skulls found on the territory of the two largest regions of Kazakhstan were examined. The variable variability of 25 craniometric indicators of skulls found on the territory of Central and South Kazakhstan was studied. All osteometric changes were performed using standard anthropometric instruments, followed by the calculation of craniometric indices. Multidimensional statistics were applied. RESULTS: The two populations demonstrate differences in craniometric indicators formed in different geographical and ecological conditions, regardless of gender. It was found that the sizes of the skulls found in the two studied regions of Kazakhstan statistically significantly differ in 5 craniometric indicators for men and 8 craniometric indicators for women. Significant changes were noted in the size of the full and upper height of the face, the average width of the face, the height of the body of the lower jaw and the height of the nose in men. The most dimorphic variables for forensic medical evaluation in the studied populations of female skulls were transverse, altitudinal and zygomatic diameters, mastoid width, width of the base of the skull, width of the occipital foramen, upper face height and nose height. The shape of the skulls found in the studied territories is predominantly brachycephalic. The cranial index was >81.1% - at men, 83% - at women. The study showed that race affects the size of the skull, regardless of gender. Craniometric parameters in male and female skulls vary according to different criteria. In women between races, there are statistically significant differences in the size of the width of the occipital foramen and the average width of the face. Statistically significant differences in the width of the base of the skull, the zygomatic diameter and the average width of the face between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were revealed in the studied regions in men. The established differences made it possible to form additional differential diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: Identification of the features inherent in the population living in certain territories provides auxiliary information for medical and forensic identification of a person. In this study, population-specific craniometric indicators have been developed for inhabitants of two regions of Kazakhstan, which expand and complement identification capabilities when categorizing skeletal remains found in these territories.